Umqinisekisi

Umqinisekisi ngumntu okanye iziko elithembisa ngokusemthethweni ukuhlawula ityala lomboleki ukuba umboleki uyasilela ukulihlawula. Umqinisekisi akanguye umnyinyiva ophambili kwaye akafumani nayiphi na inxalenye yemali yemboleko, kodwa umi emva kobungozi njengomthombo wesibini wokuhlawula lowo umbolekisi anokuthi awubize nje emva kokuba umboleki esilele.

Isiqinisekiso sisithembiso, hayi asiyompahla. Loo nyaniso inye ibumba yonke enye into malunga nendlela abaqinisekisi abavavanywa ngayo, abarekhodwa ngayo kwaye abanyanzeliswa ngayo.

Umqinisekisi vs. umboleki-mlingani vs. isibambiso

Ezi ndima zidla ngokusetyenziswa ngokutshintshisanayo encokweni ukanti azifani. Umahluko umisela ukuba umbolekisi angayifuna nini intlawulo kwaye kubani.

• Umboleki: Ubutyala buvela kwangoko njengomnyinyiva ophambili; ufumana imali yemboleko; ubhalwe kwi akhawunti yemboleko.
• Umboleki-mlingani / umboleki ohlanganyelayo: Ubutyala buvela kwangoko, ngokulinganayo nomboleki; ufumana imali yemboleko (okanye abelana ngenzuzo); ubhalwe kwiakhawunti yemboleko.
• Umqinisekisi: Ubutyala buvela kuphela emva kokuba umboleki esilele; akafumani mali yemboleko; akabhalwanga kwiakhawunti yemboleko (urekhodwa ngokwahlukileyo).
• Isibambiso: Ubutyala buxhomekeke ekuyilweni kwesivumelwano (buhlala buvela kwangoko kwaye buhamba kunye nomboleki); akafumani mali yemboleko; akabhalwanga kwiakhawunti yemboleko.

Umboleki-mlingani unetyala ukususela kusuku lokuqala kwaye umbolekisi angamlandela nawuphi na umntu ngaphandle kokulinda ukuba kukho into ephosakeleyo. Umqinisekisi unetyala kuphela xa iimeko zokuqalisa kwisiqinisekiso zifezekisiwe. Isibambiso sihlala phakathi kwezi zimbini, kwaye kwiinkqubo ezininzi zomthetho eli gama lisetyenziswa ukuchaza isibophelelo esihamba ecaleni kwesomboleki kunokuba sihambe emva kwaso.

Indima enxulumeneyo kodwa eyahlukileyo ngumnikezeli wesibambiso womntu wesithathu — umntu obeka impahla yakhe njengesibambiso setyala lomnye umntu ngaphandle kokuthembisa ngokwakhe ukuhlawula. Ubungozi bakhe buphelela kwi impahla ebambisiweyo; ubungozi bomqinisekisi buphelela kuphela kwimimiselo yesiqinisekiso.

Iindidi zesiqinisekiso

Isiqinisekiso sobuqu. Sinikezelwa ngumntu ngegama lakhe, sixhaswa ngumvuzo wakhe nobuncwane bakhe. Yinto eqhelekileyo xa ishishini elincinci liboleka kwaye umnini-mlawuli waso esima emva kwaso.

Isiqinisekiso senkampani. Sinikezelwa yinkampani, ngokuqhelekileyo inkampani engumzali okanye enxulumene nayo iqinisekisa ukuboleka kwenkampani ephantsi kwayo. Kufuneka ubungqina bokuba umgaqo-siseko womqinisekisi uyakuvumela kwaye ibhodi ikugunyazisile ngokusesikweni.

Isiqinisekiso esidityanelweyo nesahlukeneyo. Abaqinisekisi ababini okanye ngaphezulu ngamnye unoxanduva lwesixa esipheleleyo, hayi isabelo esilinganiselweyo. Umbolekisi angalibuyisa lonke ityala kuye nawuphi na umqinisekisi ekulula ukufikelela kuye.

Isiqinisekiso esahluleleneyo (ngokomlinganiselo). Umqinisekisi ngamnye unoxanduva kuphela lwesabelo esichaziweyo setyala.

Isiqinisekiso esilinganiselweyo. Silinganiselwe ngesixa esiphezulu, okanye sibekelwe umda kwimali-mboleko ethile, ukutsalwa kwemali okanye ixesha elimiselweyo.

Isiqinisekiso esingenamda. Sigubungela ubutyala obupheleleyo bomboleki ngaphandle komda.

Isiqinisekiso esiqhubekayo. Sihlala sisebenza kwiimali-mboleko ezilandelelanayo kunye nezibonelelo ezijikelezayo de sirhoxiswe ngokusesikweni, kunokuba siphelelwe xa imali-mboleko yokuqala ihlawulwa.

Isiqinisekiso esihlawulwa xa kufunwa. Sihlawulwa ngoko nangoko xa umbolekisi ekhuphe ibango, ngaphandle kokuba umbolekisi aqale agqibe onke amanyathelo ngokuchasene nomboleki.

Isiqinisekiso esinemiqathango. Umbolekisi kufuneka aqale athathe amanyathelo achaziweyo — ngokuqhelekileyo afune intlawulo kumboleki, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha asebenzise isibambiso — phambi kokuba abize umqinisekisi.

Isiqinisekiso esinqamlezayo. Ilungu ngalinye leqela liqinisekisa iimali-mboleko zamanye amalungu, nto leyo eqhelekileyo kwizakhiwo zamaqela eenkampani.

Isiqinisekiso seqela okanye uxanduva oludityanelweyo. Ekubolekeni kweqela, amalungu aqinisekisa iimali-mboleko zelinye nelinye ngokuhlangeneyo, ukuze iqela lithwale ukusilela kwelungu elinye. Oku kuthatha indawo yoxinzelelo lwentlalo kunye nodumo ekwabelwana ngalo endaweni yee-asethi ezibambisiweyo.

Izinto ababolekisi abazirekhodayo ngomqinisekisi.

• Igama elipheleleyo elisemthethweni, uxwebhu lwesazisi kunye neenkcukacha zoqhagamshelwano eziqinisekisiweyo.
• Ubudlelwane nomboleki, nakuphi na ukungqubana kwemidla.
• Ingeniso yengqesho okanye yeshishini, eqinisekiswe ngokuzimeleyo ngaphandle kwefayile yomboleki.
• Amatyala akhoyo, kuquka nezinye iziqinisekiso esele zinikiwe.
• Ii-asethi ezikhoyo zokwanelisa ibango, nokuba ingaba zikhona ezinye ezibambiswe ngokwahlukeneyo.
• Uhlobo lwesiqinisekiso, isixa kunye nawuphi na umda.
• Ii-akhawunti zemali-mboleko ezibandakanyiweyo, nokuba isiqinisekiso siyaqhubeka.
• Umhla wokutyikitya, iinkcukacha zengqina, nobungqina bengcebiso ezimeleyo apho kufunekayo
• Isalathiso sesigqibo sebhodi, kwiziqinisekiso zenkampani
• Ubume: siyasebenza, sibiziwe, kufunyenwe inxalenye, sikhululwe, siphelelwe

Iziqinisekiso zihlala zigcinwa kunye nezibambiso ezithembisiweyo kwirejista yezibambiso, ukuze inkxaso yetyala iyonke emva kokuvezwa ibonakale kwindawo enye — nangona isiqinisekiso ngokwaso singesiso isibambiso.

Ukuvavanya umqinisekisi

Umgaqo ongundoqo kukuba umqinisekisi kufuneka avavanywe ngokungathi ngumboleki, kuba kwimeko yokusilela ukuhlawula baba ngumboleki.

Amandla okuhlawula. Ngaba ingeniso yomqinisekisi ngokwakhe iyakwazi ukuhlawula isixa esiqinisekisiweyo ngaphezu kwe zibophelelo zakhe ezikhoyo? Umqinisekisi osele esebenzise onke amandla akhe okuhlawula wongeza amaphepha, hayi ukhuseleko.

Ukuzimela kwengeniso. Ukuba ingeniso yomqinisekisi ivela kwishishini elifanayo, kwicandelo elifanayo okanye kumthengi ofanayo nowomboleki, bobabini bayasilela kunye. Ingeniso enxulumeneyo sesona siphako siqhelekileyo kwizakhiwo zeziqinisekiso.

Iziqinisekiso esele zinikezelwe. Umntu oqinisekise iimali-mboleko ezintandathu kubabolekisi abane unoxanduva olunokwenzeka olukhulu kakhulu kunokuba ifayile yakhe ibonisa. Ukuhlolwa kweofisi yamatyala nokubuza ngqo zombini zibalulekile apha.

Ii-asethi nokunyanzeliseka. Ii-asethi ezigcinwe kunye neqabane lomtshato, okanye ezigcinwe kwi-trasti, zinokuba nzima okanye zingenakufikeleleka.

Ukuqonda nokuvuma. Iziqinisekiso zibekelwa bucala ziinkundla rhoqo ngaphezu kwalo naluphi na olunye uxwebhu lokubolekisa, ngokuqhelekileyo ngezizathu zokuba umqinisekisi akazange aluqonde uxanduva, wanyanzelwa kulo, okanye walahlekiswa ngemeko yomboleki. Ukutyikitya ngokuzimeleyo, ingcaciso ecacileyo kunye, kumatyala amakhulu, nengcebiso yezomthetho ezimeleyo ziyakhusela umbolekisi kwaye zilungile kumqinisekisi.

Ukuzimisela. Umqinisekisi otyikitye ngokuthandabuza phantsi koxinzelelo losapho uya kukuchasa ukuhlawula aze aye enkundleni. Iindleko zokunyanzelisa ziyinxalenye ye sigqibo setyala.

Izibophelelo namalungelo omqinisekisi

Izibophelelo ziqala xa imeko ebekelweyo kuxwebhu lwesiqinisekiso ifezekisiwe — ngokuqhelekileyo ukungahlawuli komboleki kunye nebango elisemthethweni. Ngokuxhomekeke ekubhalweni koxwebhu, uxanduva lunokufikelela kwinqununu, inzala eqokelelweyo, izohlwayo, neendleko zombolekisi zokubuyisa.

Amalungelo ahlala engahoywa kodwa ayinyani kwiinkqubo ezininzi zomthetho:

• Ukungena ezihlangwini — emva kokuhlawula, umqinisekisi ungena kwindawo yombolekisi aze akwazi ukusukela umboleki, kuquka nakuphi na isibambiso umbolekisi abenaso.
• Imbuyekezo — lilungelo lokubuyisa kumboleki oko kwahlawulwa egameni lakhe.
• Igalelo — apho kukho abaqinisekisi abaliqela, lowo uhlawula ngaphezu kwesabelo sakhe angabuyisa kwabanye.
• Ulwazi — imimandla emininzi yolawulo ifuna ukuba umbolekisi axelele umqinisekisi malunga nokusilela komboleki phakathi kwexesha elimiselweyo.
• Ukukhululwa — isiqinisekiso sinokuphela ukuba umbolekisi uguqula kakhulu imiqathango yemboleko, akhulule isibambiso, okanye anike umboleki ixesha ngaphandle kwemvume yomqinisekisi.

Eli nqaku lokugqibela lelona lisoloko litshabalalisa isiqinisekiso ekusebenzeni. Uhlengahlengiso oluvunyelwene ngalo nemboleki yedwa lungamkhulula ngokupheleleyo umqinisekisi ngaphandle kokuba imvume yabo ebhaliweyo ifunyenwe ngaxeshanye.

Iziqinisekiso kwi-microfinance

Kwi microfinance, apho ababoleki bahlala bengenazo ii-asethi ezinokubhaliswa, iziqinisekiso zenza umsebenzi omninzi owenziwa sisibambiso kwezinye iindawo. Zimbini izakhiwo ezongameleyo.

Ukubolekisa kweqela okanye ngamatyala ahlanganyelweyo kwenza ilungu ngalinye leqela elincinane liphendule ngeentlawulo zabanye. Ukuhlolwa nokunyanzeliswa kudlulela kwiqela, elidla ngokuzazi ngcono iimeko zelungu ngalinye kunokuba linokwenza naliphi na igosa lemboleko.

Abaqinisekisi abangabantu ngabanye abavela kuthungelwano lomboleki — isizalwane esiqeshileyo, umrhwebi onendawo yokuthengisa kwimarike enye, ilungu lecawe okanye lombutho — banikela isithembiso sobuqu esixhaswa sisimo sentlalo endaweni yepropathi ebambisiweyo.

Zombini ezi zakhiwo zisebenzisa ukunyanzeliswa ekuhlaleni endaweni yokunyanzeliswa komthetho. Ukubuyiswa kwemali kuxhomekeke kancinane kwinkqubo yenkundla kunakumnqweno womqinisekisi wokugcina ukuma kwakhe ekuhlaleni, yiyo loo nto ezi ziqinisekiso ziba buthathaka kakhulu xa iqela lonke okanye imarike iphela ihlaselwa ngumothuko ofanayo.

Ukuphathwa kwezimali nobulumko

Isiqinisekiso lityala elinokwenzeka kumqinisekisi: liyabhengezwa, kodwa alibhalwa kwingxelo yemali de kube kunokwenzeka ukuba libizwe.

Kumbolekisi, isiqinisekiso kukunciphisa umngcipheko wetyala, kodwa abahloli badla ngokusebenzisa iimvavanyo ezingqongqo zokufaneleka kwiziqinisekiso kunakwizibambiso ezibonakalayo. Zininzi izikhokelo zobulumko ziliqonda isiqinisekiso njengesixhobo sokubekela bucala okanye sokunciphisa inkunzi kuphela apho singenamiqathango, singenakurhoxiswa, kwaye sinokunyanzeliswa ngokomthetho kulawulo olufanelekileyo, kwaye sinikelwe ngumntu onomgangatho wetyala ongcono ngokubonakalayo kunalowo womboleki. Iziqinisekiso zobuqu ezivela kubantu abasondele kumboleki zihlala zingenalo ixabiso lolawulo konke konke, nokuba ziluncedo kakhulu kwezorhwebo.

Ubuthathaka obuqhelekileyo kumalungiselelo eziqinisekiso

• Abaqinisekisi abangazange baqinisekiswe ngokuzimeleyo, kwaye umvuzo ucingelwa ngokwengxelo yomboleki ngaloo nto.
• Umntu omnye oqinisekisa ababoleki abaninzi abangadibaniyo, kungekho mbono udibeneyo wokuvezwa kwabo okunokwenzeka.
• Iintyikityo ezifunyenwe phambi komboleki, ngaphandle kwengcaciso eyahlukileyo yesibophelelo.
• Uhlenga-hlengiso lwemali-mboleko olwenziwe ngaphandle kokuhlaziya imvume yomqinisekisi, lukhulula isiqinisekiso ngokuthe cwaka.
• Iziqinisekiso ezibhalwe njengeziphelelwe lixesha xa isibonelelo esisisiseko sahlaziywa, nangona isiqinisekiso esiqhubekayo sahlala sisebenza.
• Iinkcukacha zoqhagamshelwano azizange zihlaziywe, ukuze umqinisekisi angafumaneki ngexesha lokufunwa.
• Ukuthembela kwisiqinisekiso esineendleko zokunyanzelisa ezingaphezulu kunentsalela yemali-mboleko.

Imibuzo ebuzwa rhoqo

Ingaba ukuba ngumqinisekisi kuyakuchaphazela ukuma kwetyala lomqinisekisi? Rhoqo ewe. Isiqinisekiso lityala elinokubakho elithathwa njengento ebalwayo ngamaziko ekhredithi nababolekisi kuhlolo lokukwazi ukuhlawula, ngoko linokulunciphisa isixa semali umqinisekisi anokukwazi ukuyiboleka.

Ingaba umqinisekisi angarhoxa kwisiqinisekiso? Kunqabile nje ukuba imali sele ikhutshiwe. Isiqinisekiso esiqhubekayo ngokuqhelekileyo singarhoxiswa malunga nee-advansi zexesha elizayo ngesaziso esibhaliweyo, kodwa uxanduva lwezixa-mali esele zitsaliwe luyaqhubeka.

Ingaba isiqinisekiso somlomo sinokunyanzeliswa? Kwiindawo ezininzi zolawulo, hayi. Iziqinisekiso ngokuqhelekileyo kufuneka zibhalwe kwaye zisayinwe ngumqinisekisi ukuze zinyanzeliseke.

Kwenzeka ntoni xa umboleki esweleka? Ityal...