Inqubo yokugunyaza

Inqubo yokugunyaza iwuchungechunge olucacisiwe lokubuyekezwa nokugunyazwa okumele isicelo sidlule kuso ngaphambi kokuba siqale ukusebenza. Icacisa ukuthi ubani obuyekeza ini, ngokulandelana okunjani, ngaphansi kwaziphi izimo, nokuthi kwenzekani lapho umbuyekezi egunyaza, enqaba, noma ebuyisela isicelo emuva ukuze silungiswe.

Ekubolekiseni imali, isibonelo esivame kakhulu yile inqubo yokugunyazwa kwemalimboleko: isicelo sisuka kusikhulu esisifakile, sidlule ezingeni elilodwa noma ngaphezulu lokubuyekezwa, siye kumuntu noma ekomitini elinegunya lokukhulula izimali ngaleyo nani. Indlela efanayo ilawula ezinye izenzo ezingenakuhlehliswa — ukukhishwa kwezimali, ukucishwa kwezikweletu, ukuxolelwa kwezindleko, ukuhlelwa kabusha, amafaki ejenali kanye nokubuyiselwa kwezimali.

Isici esiyinhloko senqubo yokugunyaza ukuthi umuntu oqala isenzo akayena umuntu osigunyazayo. Lokho kuhlukaniswa kuyisilawuli. Konke okunye — imithetho yokuqondisa, imingcele, izibali-zikhathi zokwedlulisela phezulu — kukhona ukuze ukuhlukaniswa kusebenze ngendlela engokoqobo ngezinga elikhulu.

Kungani izinqubo zokugunyaza zibalulekile

Ukuvimbela ukukhwabanisa. Isilawuli esisodwa esisebenza kahle kakhulu ngokumelene nokukhwabanisa kwangaphakathi ukuthi akekho umuntu oyedwa ongakwazi kokubili ukudala nokugunyaza umsebenzi osusa inani. Umboleki ongewona owangempela, ukukhokhwa okukhukhumalisiwe noma ukucishwa kwezikweletu okuthule konke kudinga ukusebenzisana kwabantu abaningana hhayi umenzi omubi oyedwa.

Isiyalo sezikweletu. Imingcele yokugunyaza iphoqa ukuchayeka okukhulu phezulu kubabuyekezi abanolwazi olunzulu. Ngaphandle kwabo, amazinga ekhredithi akhukhuleka aye kunoma ubani onethemba elikhulu.

Ukuthobela imithethonqubo. Imihlahlandlela yokuqapha imali ezindaweni eziningi idinga ukuthi kubhalwe phansi igunya lokubolekisa elidlulisiwe, ukugunyazwa kwebhodi ngokuchayeka kwabantu bangaphakathi kanye nokuchayeka okukhulu, kanye nobufakazi bokuthi uhlelo lokugunyaza lwalandelwa ngempela hhayi ukumane kubhalwe phansi.

Ukuhloleka. Umkhondo wokugunyaza uphendula umbuzo abahloli kanye nabaphathi abahlala bewubuza: ubani ogunyaze lokhu, ngasiphi isisekelo, futhi nini.

Isivinini, uma kuklanywe kahle. Inqubo egunyaza ngokuzenzakalelayo izicelo ezincane ezijwayelekile futhi idlulisela phezulu kuphela okungavamile iyashesha ukwedlula inqubo lapho umphathi esayina yonke into.

Izingxenye ezisemqoka zenqubo yokugunyaza

Isiqalisi. Isenzakalo esiqala inqubo — isicelo esifakiwe, ukucishwa kwezikweletu okuphakanyisiwe, inkokhelo engaphezu komkhawulo efakiwe.

Izindima, hhayi abantu ngabanye. Izinyathelo zabelwa izindima ukuze inqubo isinde ekushintsheni kwabasebenzi, ekhefini nasekudluliselweni. Umuntu oqanjwe ngegama njengesinyathelo sokugunyaza uyindawo eyodwa yokwehluleka.

Imithetho yokuqondisa. Izimo ezinquma indlela. Ezivame kakhulu yinani, uhlobo lomkhiqizo, ibanga lobungozi bomboleki, igatsha, ukuthi ukuchayeka akunasiqiniseko yini, nokuthi umboleki uyingxenye ehlobene yini.

Imingcele yokugunyaza. Inani eliphezulu indima ngayinye engaligunyaza, elibizwa nangokuthi igunya lokubolekisa elidlulisiwe noma imingcele yokugunyaza.

Ukulandelana. Ukuthi izinyathelo ziqhutshwa zilandelana, ngesikhathi esisodwa, noma kuphela lapho umbandela uhlangatshezwa.

Imiphumela. Vuma, yala, noma buyisela ukuze kulungiswe. Ukubuyisela kufanele kuvule kabusha isicelo ukuze silungiswe futhi kuqale kabusha ingxenye ethintekile yochungechunge, hhayi ukugunyaza buthule.

Ukudlulisela phezulu kanye nemikhawulo yesikhathi. Kwenzekani uma isinyathelo sihlala singathintwanga. Izinketho zihlanganisa izikhumbuzi, ukudlulisela phezulu okuzenzakalelayo ezingeni elilandelayo, noma ukunikezwa kabusha kummeleli.

Umkhondo wokuhlola. Irekhodi elingenakushintshwa layo yonke isenzo: umenzi, indima, isikhathi, isinqumo, amazwana, kanye nenguqulo yesicelo ngesikhathi sesinqumo.

Izigaba zokugeleza komsebenzi wokugunyaza imalimboleko

1. Ukuqopha nokuhambisa

Isikhulu semalimboleko siqopha isicelo, imininingwane yomboleki, inani eliceliwe, inhloso, isibambiso esinikeziwe kanye nemibhalo esekelayo. Ukuhambisa kukhiya irekhodi ukuze umsunguli angabe esalilungisa.

2. Ukuhlolwa kokuphelela nokufaneleka

Isihlolo esizenzakalelayo noma esomabhalane siqinisekisa izinkambu eziyimfuneko, ukuhlonza okuvumelekile, isimo se-KYC, nokuthi imingcele yomkhiqizo eceliwe ingaphakathi kwenqubomgomo. Izicelo ezingaphelele ziyabuyiselwa kunokuba zidluliselwe phezulu.

3. Ukuhlolwa kwezikweletu

Amandla okukhokhela, amandla okubuyisela, umlando wesikhungo sezikweletu, ukuchayeka okukhona kanye, lapho kufanele, nesimo seqembu kuyahlolwa. Noma yisiphi isibambiso siyanqunywa inani futhi isilinganiso semalimboleko nenani sihlolwa ngokwenqubomgomo.

4. Ukugunyazwa kwezinga lokuqala

Ngokuvamile kuba umphathi wegatsha noma umqaphi. Uma inani lingaphakathi komkhawulo abawunikeziwe futhi kungekho okuhlukile okusebenzayo, isinqumo siphelela lapha.

5. Ukudlulisela phezulu ngenani noma okuhlukile

Izicelo ezingaphezu komkhawulo wezinga lokuqala, noma ezithwele okuhlukile kwenqubomgomo njengezinga lenzalo elingaphandle kobubanzi noma imfuneko esuliwe, zidluliselwa phezulu — kumphathi wezikweletu, ekomitini lezikweletu, noma ezimeni ezinkulu kakhulu ebhodini.

6. Ukugunyazwa kokugcina nokukhishwa kokukhokhelwa

Ukugunyazwa kunikeza igunya lesibopho. Ukukhokhelwa ngokuvamile kuwukulawula okuhlukile, kukhishwa kuphela uma isithembiso sesamukelwe, isibambiso sesiphelele futhi imibhalo isayiniwe. Ukuphatha ukugunyaza nokukhokhelwa njengesinyathelo esisodwa kususa indawo yokulawula.

7. Ukudlulisela ekuphathweni kwemalimboleko

Imigomo egunyaziwe iba yirekhodi lokubhalisa lokuphathwa kwemalimboleko. Noma yini egunyaziwe kodwa engadluliselwanga ngokunembile iyiphutha lokuphatha elilindele ukwenzeka.

Ukugeleza komsebenzi okulandelanayo, okuhambisanayo nokunemibandela

• Okulandelanayo: Umgunyazi ngamunye wenza ngokulandelana; olandelayo waziswa kuphela ngemva kokuba owandulele ethathe isinqumo. Kufaneleka kakhulu: Izinqumo zezikweletu lapho izinga ngalinye lakhela phezu kwedlule.
• Okuhambisanayo: Abagunyazi abaningana babuyekeza ngesikhathi esisodwa. Kufaneleka kakhulu: Ukuhlola okuzimele njengokwezomthetho nokwezikweletu, lapho kungekho okuncike komunye.
• Okunemibandela: Igatsha lochungechunge lisebenza kuphela uma umthetho ugcwaliseka. Kufaneleka kakhulu: Ukuphathwa kwezimo ezihlukile, ukuboleka okuhlobene, ukuchayeka okukhulu noma okungavikelekile.
• Ngazwi linye: Bonke abagunyazi ababelwe kufanele bagunyaze. Kufaneleka kakhulu: Izinqumo zekomiti ezingenamnikazi oyedwa.
• Ikhoramu: Iqembu elincane elichaziwe kufanele ligunyaze. Kufaneleka kakhulu: Amakomiti okufanele asebenze lapho amalungu engekho.

Iningi lemigudu yokusebenza yokuboleka yangempela ihlanganisa lezi: ukulandelana ngokuzenzakalelayo, okunemibandela ngenhla komkhawulo, okusekelwe ekhoramu ezingeni lekomiti.

Imikhawulo yokugunyaza negunya elidlulisiwe

Igunya lokuboleka elidlulisiwe wuhlelo olubeka ukuthi indima ngayinye ingagunyaza malini. Isibonelo esenziwe lula:

• Isikhulu semalimboleko: Alikho (liyancoma kuphela) kukho kokubili imalimboleko engavikelekile kanye nevikelekile. Kudluliselwa kumphathi wegatsha.
• Umphathi wegatsha: Imalimboleko emincane yomuntu ngamunye (engavikelekile); imalimboleko evikelekile emaphakathi. Kudluliselwa kumphathi wezikweletu.
• Umphathi wezikweletu: Ukuchayeka okuphakathi (okungavikelekile); ukuchayeka okukhulu okuvikelekile. Kudluliselwa ekomitini lezikweletu.
• Ikomiti lezikweletu: Ukuchayeka okukhulu kukho kokubili ukuboleka okungavikelekile nokuvikelekile. Kudluliselwa ebhodini.
• Ibhodi: Ukwephulwa kwemikhawulo kwabangaphakathi, kwabahlobene, kanye nokomuntu oyedwa onesibopho.

Izimiso ezintathu zilawula uhlelo lwemikhawulo oluqinile. Imikhawulo ibekwa ngokumelene nokuchayeka okuphelele kumboleki, hhayi imalimboleko ngayinye, ngakho umboleki angeke agcinwe ngaphansi komkhawulo ngokuhlukanisa isicelo esisodwa sibe eziningana. Imikhawulo iphansi ekubolekeni okungavikelekile kunokuvikelekile. Futhi ukuchayeka okuhlobene nokwangaphakathi kudluliselwa phezulu kungakhathalekile inani, ngoba ubungozi uwukungqubuzana kwezithakazelo kunokuba ubukhulu.

Umenzi-umhloli nokuhlukaniswa kwemisebenzi

Umenzi-umhloli, okubuye kubizwe ngomgomo wamehlo amane, kudinga umuntu wesibili ukuthi aqinisekise umsebenzi ngaphambi kokuba uqale. Kungumgudu wokugunyaza osebenzayo omncane: isinyathelo esisodwa, abantu ababili.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemisebenzi wumgomo obanzi wokuthi ayikho indima eyodwa okufanele ilawule ngaphezu kokukodwa kulokhu: ukuqalisa umsebenzi, ukuwugunyaza, ukuwubhala, nokugcina impahla ehlobene. Ebhizinisini lokuboleka lokhu kusho ukuthi isikhulu esiqala imalimboleko akufanele sikhulule ukukhishwa kwemali, futhi umuntu ofaka ukucishwa kwesikweletu akufanele kube nguye ogunyazayo.

Izikhungo ezincane zivame ukuba nobunzima lapha ngoba umuntu oyedwa ngempela uphethe izindima ezimbalwa. Izilawuli ezijwayelekile zokunxephezela ziwukugunyazwa okukabili okuyimpoqo kokheshi nokukhishwa kwemali, ukubuyekezwa okuzimele ngezikhathi ezithile kwezinto eziphambukayo, ikhefu eliphoqelekile, nokushintshaniswa kwezikhulu phakathi kwamagatsha noma amaphothifoliyo.

Izinqubo zokugunyaza ezingale kwezinqumo zokubolekisa

Indlela efanayo ivikela noma yisiphi isenzo esingenakuhlehliswa noma esisusa inani:

• Ukukhishwa kwemali — ukudedela imali ngemva kokugunyazwa
• Ukukhanselwa kwezikweletu — ukususa impahla engasebenzi emabhukwini
• Ukuxolelwa kwezinkokhelo nezinhlawulo — indlela ejwayelekile yokukhwabanisa okufihliwe lapho kungalawulwa
• Ukuhlelwa kabusha kwezimo nokuhlelwa kabusha kwezikhathi zokukhokha — okungafihla izikweletu ezingakhokhiwe uma kugunyazwa yisikhulu esifanayo iphothifoliyo yaso ezuzayo
• Okufakiwe kujenali nokulungiswa — ikakhulukazi okufakiwe okwenziwa ngesandla okuthinta imali engenayo noma izibonelelo
• Izimbuyiselo nokudedelwa kwezinkokhelo ezeqile
• Ukufinyelela komsebenzisi nokushintshwa kwezindima — inqubo evikela zonke ezinye
• Izinga lenzalo noma ukushintshwa kwemingcele yomkhiqizo

Izinqubo zokugunyaza ezimalini ezincane

Izikhungo eziletha izimali ezincane zibhekana nezingcindezi ezithile zokwakha:

Umthamo ngokumelene nokuhlolisisa. Izinkulungwane zezimalimboleko ezincane azikwazi ngayinye ukuthola ukunakwa kwekomidi. Impendulo esebenzayo yizinga eliphansi lokugunyazwa okuzenzakalelayo noma lokugunyazwa ngumuntu oyedwa kwezimalimboleko ezincane ezijwayelekile, kanti ukudluliselwa phezulu kugcinelwe ubukhulu, okuhlukile kanye nokuhlelwa kabusha okuphindaphindiwe.

Ukuqalwa okusekelwe ensimini. Izikhulu zibamba izicelo kude negatsha. Izinqubo kufanele zisebenze kumadivayisi eselula futhi zikwazi ukubekezelela ukuxhumana okunqamukayo, zigcine okuthunyelwe emgqeni kuze kuvumelaniswe.

Ukubolekisa kweqembu. Ukugunyazwa kungasebenza emazingeni amabili: iqembu liyaqinisekisa futhi liyabasekela amalungu, bese isikhungo sigunyaza umkhawulo weqembu kanye nokwabiwa komuntu ngamunye phakathi kwawo.

Izakhiwo zamagatsha amaningi. Ukudluliswa kufanele kuhloniphe imingcele yamagatsha ukuze imenenja igunyaze kuphela iphothifoliyo yayo, kuyilapho izindima zesifunda nezehhovisi elikhulu zigcina ukubhekisisa kuwo wonke amagatsha.

Izilindelo zesivinini sokuphendula. Ababolekayo bavame ukukhetha ababolekisayo ngesivinini. Izibali-sikhathi zokudluliselwa phezulu nokwabelwa komuntu obambele ngesikhathi sekhefu kubalulekile ngendlela efanayo nesakhiwo ngokwaso.

Ukwehluleka okuvamile

• Ukugunyaza ngaphandle kokuhlolisisa. Abagunyazi abangenalo isikhathi noma abangenawo ulwazi bagunyaza konke. Inqubo ikhona kodwa ukulawula akukho.
• Imikhawulo ebekwe phansi kakhulu. Konke kukhuphukela phezulu, ingaphezulu lohlelo lwezikhundla liba isihibe, futhi izimvume ziqoqwa ngaphandle kokubuyekezwa.
• Abantu abaqanjwe ngamagama njengezinyathelo. Inqubo yokusebenza iyema noma nini lapho lowo muntu esekhefini.
• Ayikho indlela yokubuyisela ukuze kulungiswe. Abagunyazi benqaba ngokuphelele noma bagunyaze izicelo ezinesici ngoba enye indlela kuphela ukuqala phansi.
• Ukwehlukanisa ukuze kugwenywe imikhawulo. Imikhawulo ehlolwa ngemalimboleko ngayinye kunokuba ihlolwe ngomboleki ngamunye kumema ukwakhiwa kwezicelo.
• Ukugunyazwa nokukhishwa kwemali kuhlanganiswe. Kususa ukuhlolwa kokuthi isibambiso nemibhalo sekumi ngomumo ngaphambi kokuba izimali zidluliswe.
• Kuyalungiseka ngemva kokugunyazwa. Uma imigomo ingashintsha ngemva kokugunyazwa ngaphandle kokuphinda kuqaliswe inqubo yokusebenza, irekhodi lokugunyaza alisho lutho.
• Umkhondo wokuhlola obuthakathaka. Ukuqopha kuphela isinqumo sokugcina, hhayi isinyathelo ngasinye, kushiya bungekho ubufakazi bokuthi uhlelo lwezikhundla lwalandelwa.

Imibuzo evame ukubuzwa

Uyini umehluko phakathi kwenqubo yokusebenza yokugunyaza nohlelo lwezikhundla zokugunyaza? Uhlelo lwezikhundla luyisakhiwo esihleliwe sezindima nemikhawulo yazo. Inqubo yokusebenza iyinqubo esebenzayo edlulisa isicelo esithile ngaleso sakhiwo, kuhlanganise nemibandela, ukudluliselwa phezulu kanye nemiphumela.

Kufanele agcinwe amarekhodi okugunyaza isikhathi esingakanani? Okungenani isikhathi esisemthethweni sokugcinwa kwamarekhodi esisebenza etransekshini eyisisekelo, okuthi ezindaweni eziningi zomthetho siqhubeke iminyaka eminingana ngemva kokuvalwa kwe-akhawunti.