Ukubolekisa okusekelwe kwisimilo

Ukubolekisa okusekelwe kwisimilo yindlela yokubolekisa apho isigqibo sokubolekisa sixhomekeke ikakhulu kwisidima somboleki, kwimbali yokuhlawula nakubudlelwane kunokuba kuxhomekeke kwisibambiso esibekiweyo okanye kwinqaku letyala elisemthethweni. Umbuzo ongundoqo wombolekisi ngowokuba umboleki uzimisele ukuhlawula, okuvavanywa ngolwazi oluthe ngqo lomntu okanye lweshishini.

Ngamanye amaxesha kubizwa ngokuba kukubolekisa ngokwesimilo, kukubolekisa ngobudlelwane okanye kukubolekisa ngokusebenzisa isibambiso sentlalo — ingcamango kukuba ukuma komboleki ekuhlaleni, emarikeni okanye kuthungelwano lorhwebo kusebenza njengento ethatha indawo ye-asethi ebonakalayo.

Ukubolekisa okusekelwe kwisimilo kuxhaphake kakhulu apho iziseko zetyala ezisemthethweni zinqongophele okanye apho ii-asethi zomboleki zingekho sikweni: kwimicrofinance, kwiimanyano zamatyala nakwii-SACCO, kwiibhanki zasekuhlaleni, kwityala lorhwebo elingekho sikweni nakubolekiso lwamashishini amancinci kwiifemu ezingenazo iingxelo zemali eziphicothiweyo.

Indlela okusebenza ngayo ukubolekisa okusekelwe kwisimilo

Indlela yokusebenza yahlukile kubolekiso oluqhelekileyo olunesibambiso ngeendlela ezintathu: into evavanywayo, indlela imali-mboleko emiswe ngayo, nendlela ukusilela ukuhlawula kuthintelwa ngayo.

Into evavanywayo

• Imbali yokuhlawula nombolekisi, nababoneleli, okanye kwiqela lokonga
• Ubude bexesha nokuzinza — ukuba umboleki urhwebe ixesha elingakanani kwindawo enye okanye ebambe urhwebo olufanayo
• Ukuvavanywa kwesidima — iireferensi ezivela kubaboneleli, kubathengi, kubamelwane, kumalungu eqela okanye kwiinkokeli zasekuhlaleni
• Ukuqinisekisa endaweni — igosa lemali-mboleko lityelela ishishini, libala impahla, lijonga imali engenayo yemihla ngemihla
• Idatha engenye — imbali yentengiselwano yemali ngefowuni, ukufakwa kwe-airtime, iintlawulo zeenkonzo, iidiphozithi zokonga, iileja zababoneleli
• Ukuhamba kwemali yekhaya neshishini okwakhiwa ngokutsha ngokuqwalasela nangodliwano-ndlebe kunokuba kusetyenziswe iingxelo ezisemthethweni

Indlela emiswe ngayo imali-mboleko

Ngenxa yokuba kungekho asethi enokuhluthwa, ulwakhiwo lwemali-mboleko luthwala umngcipheko ebeza kuthwalwa sisibambiso:

• Iimali-mboleko zokuqala ezincinci. Imali-mboleko yokuqala yenziwa ngabom ibe ngaphantsi kunoko umboleki anokukwazi ukusingatha, ukuze ukuba semngciphekweni wombolekisi ngexesha elingekangqinwa kube kuncinci.
• Ukubolekisa okunyukayo (ngamanyathelo). Imali-mboleko nganye ehlawulwe ngempumelelo ivula umda omkhulu. Ileli inokuhamba nge-$200 → $400 → $800 → $1,500, kwaye inyathelo ngalinye lixhomekeke kwirekhodi ecocekileyo.
• Iintlawulo ezihlala rhoqo. Izavenge zeveki okanye zeeveki ezimbini zibonisa ingxaki kwangoko kwaye zigcina intsalela engahlawulwanga iphantsi xa kuthelekiswa nesixa esikhutshiweyo.
• Iitenor ezimfutshane. Iinyanga ezintathu ukuya kwezilishumi elinambini ziqhelekile, nto leyo inciphisa ithuba lokuba iimeko zibe mandundu.
• Abaqinisekisi. Isiqinisekiso sobuqu okanye umntu otyikitya kunye nawe kwandisa indlela yokubuyiselwa imali ngaphandle kokufuna i-asethi ethile ebambisiweyo.

Indlela yokuthintela ukungahlawuli

Iindlela ezintathu zithatha indawo yosongelo lokuhluthwa kwempahla:

1. Izikhuthazi eziguqukayo. Ixabiso lokuqhubeka nokufikelela kumatyala lingaphezulu kwexabiso lokuyeka imali-mboleko encinci. Olu lolona qeqesho luphambili ekubolekiseni okuqhubekayo, kwaye luyancipha njengoko ubukhulu beemali-mboleko bukhula.
2. Uxanduva oluhlanganyelweyo. Ekubolekiseni kweqela, amalungu ayaqinisekisana. Ukuba elinye liyasilela ukuhlawula, iqela liyayigubungela intsilelo okanye onke amalungu aphulukane nokufikelela. Ukukhethwa koontanga nokubeka iliso koontanga kwenza umsebenzi umbolekisi angakwazi ukuwenza ngeendleko eziphantsi.
3. Iindleko zedumela. Ukungahlawuli kubonakala kuluntu lwezorhwebo lomboleki, kwaye oko kubonakala ngokwako kusisohlwayo.

Ukubolekisa okusekelwe kwisimilo xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iindlela zokubolekisa

• Ukubolekisa okusekelwe kwisimilo: Kugqitywa ngokujonga idumela, imbali yokuhlawula, nobudlelwane. Ukhuseleko oluphambili ekulahlekelweni: izikhuthazi zokuphinda ufikelele, iziqinisekiso, noxanduva lweqela.
• Ukubolekisa okusekelwe kwisibambiso: Kugqitywa ngokujonga ixabiso le-asethi ebambisiweyo. Ukhuseleko oluphambili ekulahlekelweni: ukubuyiselwa ngokuhluthwa nokuthengiswa kwe-asethi.
• Ukubolekisa okusekelwe kwingeniso yemali: Kugqitywa ngokujonga ingeniso ebhaliweyo okanye i-EBITDA. Ukhuseleko oluphambili ekulahlekelweni: ukugubungela inkonzo yetyala nemiqathango.
• Ukubolekisa okusekelwe kumanqaku: Kugqitywa ngokujonga amanqaku etyala asezibalo. Ukhuseleko oluphambili ekulahlekelweni: ukubekwa kwexabiso lomngcipheko kwinqanaba lepotfoliyo ngokulahlekelwa okulindelekileyo.

Ezi azikhethi enye kuphela. Uninzi lwababolekisi luyazidibanisa, kwaye ukubolekisa okusekelwe kwisimilo kunxibelelana kakhulu neenxalenye zesimilo kunye nomthamo kwi-Cs ezi-5 zetyala. Okuwahlula oku kuko ukubaluleka: imali-mboleko iyaqhubeka isekelwe kubungqina bobudlelwane nangona isibambiso namaxwebhu asemthethweni engekho.

Apho ukubolekisa okusekelwe kwisimilo kusetyenziswa khona

Imali-mboleko encinci. Imodeli yanamhlanje isukela kwiinkqubo zokubolekisa ngamaqela ezaqaliswa e-Bangladesh ngeminyaka yoo-1970 noo-1980, ezathi zanika iimali-mboleko ezincinci ezingenasibambiso kubaboleki abangenazo i-asethi, ifayile yetyala, neengxelo zengeniso ezisesikweni. Amaqela anoxanduva oluhlanganyelweyo neentlanganiso zeveki zokuhlawula zaba ngumzekelo owamkelwa ngamaziko emali-mboleko encinci ehlabathini.

Iimanyano zamatyala nee-SACCOs. Ababolekisi abasekelwe kubulungu bagcina imbali yokonga, amalungiselelo okutsalwa emvuzweni kunye nobude bobulungu — ingxelo etyebileyo yesimilo eyenziwa ngaphakathi kwiziko ngokwalo. Iimali-mboleko zihlala zenziwa ngokuphindwe kaninzi kwimali egciniweyo yelungu, zixhaswa ngabaqinisekisi abathathwe kubulungu.

Ukubhankisha koluntu nobudlelwane. Iibhanki ezincinci eziboleka amashishini asekuhlaleni eziye zazibonelela ngeenkonzo zebhanki iminyaka zixhomekeke kulwazi olungaze luvele kwingxelo yezemali: indlela yokuziphatha komnini ngexesha lokudodobala kwangaphambili, isicwangciso sokulandelana, nomgangatho wesiseko sabathengi.

Urhwebo netyala lababoneleli. Abathengisi abathengisa ngobuninzi banika abathengisi ixesha leentsuku ezingama-30 besenza izigqibo ezisekelwe kwisimilo somntu rhoqo, ezibekwa kwingeniso endaweni yenzala.

Iimali ezingekho sikweni. Imibutho yokonga ejikelezayo neyokubolekisa, ababolekisi bemali, nokubolekisana kweentsapho zisebenza phantse ngokupheleleyo ngesibambiso sentlalo.

Kutheni amaxabiso ephezulu

Iimali-mboleko ezisekelwe kwisimilo somntu zihlala zinezinga lenzala eliphezulu ngokwe-nominal kuneemali-mboleko ezinezibambiso. Izinto ezintathu eziqhuba iindleko zichaza uninzi lwalo mahluko, kwaye akukho nanye kuzo eyinzuzo engaqhelekanga:

• Akukho nto ibuyiswayo xa kungahlawulwanga. Akukho mpahla inokuthengiswa, ilahleko yokungahlawuli isondela kwi-100% yentsalela engahlawulwanga, xa kuthelekiswa ne-20–40% kwimali-mboleko ekhuselwe kakuhle. Ilahleko elindelekileyo — imveliso yamathuba okungahlawuli kunye nelahleko yokungahlawuli — ngoko ke iphezulu ngokuphindwe kaninzi kwisantya sokungahlawuli esifanayo.
• Iindleko eziphezulu ngeyunithi yemali ebolekiweyo. Utyelelo lwasendle, iintlanganiso zamaqela kunye nokuqinisekiswa ngesandla kubiza malunga nokufanayo kule mali-mboleko ye-$300 njengakwimali-mboleko ye-$30,000. Xa isasazwa phezu kwesixa esincinci nesithuba esifutshane, loo ndleko esisigxina iba sisahlulo esikhulu sezinga.
• Ubalo lwexesha elifutshane. Umrhumo okhangeleka uphantsi ngokwexabiso elipheleleyo uguqukela kwizinga eliphezulu elibaliweyo lonyaka xa imali-mboleko ithatha iinyanga ezine.

Iinzuzo

• Yandisa ukubolekisa kubaboleki abanako ukuhlawula abasilelayo kwiimvavanyo eziqhelekileyo — akukho tatayitile yomhlaba, akukho payisiliphu, akukho rekhodi yebhuro, kodwa kukho imbali yorhwebo ebonakalayo.
• Yakha ifayile yetyala. Ulwazi lwentlawulo oluveliswa ziimali-mboleko zokuqala luba sisiseko sobungqina setyala elikhulu nelingabizi kakhulu kamva.
• Ifaka ulwazi amanqaku aluphosayo. Igosa lemboleko elaziyo umboleki kunye nemarike libona ukonakala phambi kokuba kufikelele kwingxelo yezemali.
• Iindleko eziphantsi zokubhaliswa kwesibambiso. Akukho kuqikelelwa kwexabiso, akukho kubhaliswa kwesibambiso, akukho nkqubo yokuthimba impahla.

Imida neengozi

• Ayikhuli kakuhle ngokomlinganiselo. Uvavanyo luxhomekeke kulwazi lobudlelwane olugcinwe ngamagosa ngamanye. Ukukhula, ukwandiswa kwamasebe kunye ukutshintsha kwabasebenzi konke kuyayonakalisa.
• Ukungangqinelani nomkhethe. Ngaphandle kwemigangatho ebhaliweyo yokunika amanqaku, amagosa amabini anokufikelela kwizigqibo ezahlukileyo kwifayile enye, kwaye isigwebo esixhomekeke kuluvo lomntu sinokufaka umkhethe.
• Umngcipheko womntu ongundoqo. Xa igosa lemboleko elisebenze ixesha elide lishiya, iziko liphulukana nesiseko sokugweba kuyo yonke incwadi yalo yamatyala.
• Izikhuthazo ezibuthathaka kwiimali ezinkulu. Isithinteli sokufikelela kwakhona siyayeka ukusebenza xa imali-mboleko enye inexabiso elikhulu kumboleki kunobudlelwane bexesha elizayo.
• Ukuba sesichengeni kwiziphazamiso ezinxulumeneyo. Uxanduva oludityanelweyo luyasilela xa kubakho imbalela, ukuvalwa kwemarike okanye umothuko wemali, kwaye onke amalungu eqela achaphazeleka ngaxeshanye — kanye xa isiqinisekiso sifuneka.
• Ukugqithisa ematyaleni. Apho ababolekisi abaninzi baboleka ababoleki abafanayo ngaphandle kwedatha ye-bureau ekwabelwanayo, amatyala angenasibambiso afumba ngokungabonakaliyo.

Indlela ababolekisi abayenza ngayo ihambelane ngakumbi

Amaziko aqhuba iiphothifoliyo ezisekelwe kwisimilo kwinqanaba elikhulu adla ngokuwenza umgwebo ube semthethweni kunokuba awulahle:

• Iikhadi zamanqaku ezicwangcisiweyo eziguqula uvavanyo lobunjani lube iindawo ezifakwe amanqaku, ezinikwe ubunzima, ukuze izigqibo zithelekiseke kwaye zihlolwe
• Isalathiso esibhaliweyo neemfuno zokuqinisekisa endaweni yokukhetha kwegosa
• Ukunika amanqaku ngedatha engenye kusetyenziswa imali yeselula, ukonga nembali yeentengiselwano ukudala umqondiso ophindaphindekayo
• Ukubeka iliso kwiphothifoliyo ngokweqela negosa, ukulandelela iphothifoliyo esemngciphekweni (PAR) ngokwegosa lemali-mboleko, isebe, imveliso nenyanga yokukhutshwa ukuze kuchongwe ukuphambuka kumgangatho wokuhlola umngcipheko.
• Ukuvunywa ngumenzi nomhloli, kusahlula igosa elisungulayo kumntu ovunyayo