Inkqubo yokulawula imali-mboleko

Isistim yokulawula imali-mboleko (LMS) yisoftware elawula imali-mboleko emva kokuba ikhutshiwe. Igcina ikhontrakthi yemboleko, ivelisa ishedyuli yokuhlawula, iqokelela inzala neentlawulo, irekhoda kwaye yabele iintlawulo, ilandelela amatyala angahlawulwanga, kwaye ivelisa amangenelo e-accounting neengxelo zepotfoliyo ezifunwa ngumbolekisi. Yinkqubo yokugcina iirekhodi zencwadi yemali-mboleko ephilayo yombolekisi.

Iingongoma eziphambili

• I-LMS ilawula isiqingatha sokunakekela somjikelezo wemboleko: yonke into ukusuka ekukhutshweni ukuya ekuvalweni okanye ekucinyweni.
• Yahlukile kwinkqubo yokuqalisa imali-mboleko (LOS), ephethe isicelo, ukuvavanya nokuvunywa kude kube sekukhutshweni kwemali.
• Imisebenzi engundoqo kukuveliswa kweshedyuli, ukongezwa kwenzala neentlawulo, ukwabiwa kweentlawulo, ukulandelela ukungahlawuli nokushiyeka, ukuhlengahlengisa, ukurekhodwa kwe-accounting, nokunika ingxelo.
• Uvavanyo oluchazayo lwe LMS kukuba ingaba iyakwazi ukubala, nangaliphi na ixesha, ukuba umboleki ngamnye utyala ntoni kwaye kutheni — inqununu, inzala, iintlawulo, izohlwayo — kwaye ixolelanise oko ne-general ledger.
• "LMS" ikwamela inkqubo yokulawula ukufunda kwicandelo lezemfundo; ezi zimbini azihlangani.

Yintoni isistim yokulawula imali-mboleko?

Isistim yokulawula imali-mboleko yinjini yokusebenza neyezemali ephantsi kwepotfoliyo esebenzayo yombolekisi. Nje ukuba isivumelwano semboleko sisayinwe kwaye iimali zikhutshiwe, yonke into elandelayo ebomini baloo mboleko — intlawulo efunyenweyo, usuku lwenzala eqokelelweyo, isitolimende esingahlawulwanga, isohlwayo esifakiweyo, ixesha elandisiweyo, ibhalansi ecinyiweyo — kufuneka irekhodwe, ibalwe ngokuchanekileyo, ibonakaliswe kwibhalansi yomboleki, kwaye iposwe kwi-akhawunti. Lowo ngumsebenzi owenziwa yi-LMS.

Ababolekisi abangasebenzisi i-LMS ekhethekileyo ngokuqhelekileyo bawenza lo msebenzi ngeespredishithi, ipakeji ye-accounting jikelele, kunye nenkumbulo yeziko. Olo lungiselelo lubamba de ubukhulu bepotfoliyo, ukuntsonkotha kwemveliso okanye izibophelelo zokunika ingxelo zigqithe apho uxolelaniso lwezandla lunokufikelela khona.

I-LMS isetyenziswa ziibhanki zorhwebo, amaziko e-microfinance (MFIs), ookopolotyeni bolondolozo netyala (SACCOs), ababolekisi babathengi nababolekisi bemivuzo, iinkampani ze-asset finance nokuqeshisa, abanakekeli bemali-mboleko yezindlu, ababolekisi bezolimo, ababolekisi bedijithali nabeselula, kunye nabanikezeli be-buy-now-pay-later. Isigama semveliso siyahluka ngokwecandelo, kodwa ubuchule obusisiseko — ibhalansi, ishedyuli, ukongezwa kwenzala, umgaqo wokwabiwa — abutshintshi.

Into eyenziwa sisistim yokulawula imali-mboleko

1. Ukufakwa nokusetwa kwemboleko

Isistim ifaka imiqathango yemboleko esayiniweyo: inqununu, izinga lenzala nendlela, ixesha, ukuphindaphinda kwezitolimende, ubume beentlawulo, umhla wokukhutshwa, umhla wokuhlawula wokuqala, isibambiso, abaqinisekisi, kunye nethempleyithi yemveliso ekukhutshwa phantsi kwayo imali-mboleko. Iithempleyithi zemveliso zibalulekile — zifaka imigaqo eza kulawula imali-mboleko ubomi bayo bonke, ngoko i-LMS ecwangciswe kakuhle ivumela umbolekisi ukuba achaze imveliso kube kanye kwaye akhuphe ngayo ngokungaguquguqukiyo.

2. Ukuveliswa kweshedyuli yokuhlawula

Ukusuka kule miqathango isistim yakha ishedyuli yokunciphisa ityala: ukuba yimalini inqununu kwaye yimalini inzala ehlawulwa ngomhla ngamnye. Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zenzala zivelisa iishedyuli ezahluke kakhulu, kwaye i-LMS kulindeleke ukuba ixhase ezo zisetyenziswa ngumbolekisi — ibhalansi enciphayo enezitolimende ezilinganayo, ibhalansi enciphayo nenqununu elinganayo, izinga elisicaba, inzala kuphela kunye ne-balloon, kunye neenguqu ezinexesha lobabalo, iimoratori, okanye iipateni zokuhlawula zamaxesha onyaka ezingaqhelekanga.

3. Ukongezwa kwenzala neentlawulo

Inzala iqokelela ngokuqhubekayo; izitolimende zihlawulwa ngamaxesha athile. I-LMS ibala inzala eqokelelweyo phakathi kweziganeko ukuze ikowuti yokuhlawula ethathwe phakathi kwexesha ichaneke. Ikwasebenzisa indlela yokubala iintsuku esetyenziswa ngumbolekisi, iphatha iintlobo zeentlawulo eziziphatha ngokwahlukileyo (iintlawulo zokuqalisa kube kanye, iintlawulo zenkonzo eziphindaphindwayo, iintlawulo eziqhutywa ziziganeko), kwaye iyayeka okanye iqhubeke nokongeza inzala kwiimali-mboleko ezingasebenzi ngokomgaqo-nkqubo.

4. Ukurekhodwa nokwabiwa kweentlawulo

Xa imali ifika, i-LMS igqiba ukuba yintoni ehlawulwayo. Oku kulawulwa lulandelelwano lokwabiwa kwentlawulo — ulandelelwano olusisigxina lokusetyenziswa, ngokuqhelekileyo izohlwayo, emva koko iifizi, emva koko inzala, emva koko inqununu, nayo nayiphi na intsalela ithathwa njengentlawulo egqithileyo okanye intlawulo yangaphambili. Ulandelelwano kufuneka lusetyenziswe ngendlela efanayo kuyo yonke intlawulo, kuba ukwabiwa ngendlela engahambelaniyo ngowona mthombo uqhelekileyo wokuphikisana ngeebhalansi zomboleki.

Inkqubo enobuchule nayo ijongana neentlawulo ezingaphelelanga, ukuhlawulwa kwangoko kunye neekowuti zokuhlawula ityala elipheleleyo, iintlawulo ezigqithileyo, ukubuyisela umva iitransekshini ezifakwe ngempazamo, kunye neentlawulo ezifunyenwe ngeendlela ezininzi — imali eyinkozo, ukudluliselwa kwebhanki, imali yeselula, ukutsalwa emvuzweni, kunye nokutsalwa ngqo kwiakhawunti.

5. Ukulawulwa kokungahlawuli kunye neeriyari

Inkqubo ichonga iimali-mboleko ezishiyeke ngasemva, ihlela iintsalela ezingekahlawulwa ngokwamaqela (ngokuqhelekileyo iintsuku ezi-1–30, 31–60, 61–90 ne-90+), isebenzisa inzala yesohlwayo okanye iifizi zokulibala apho imveliso ivumela khona, iqhuba iindlela zokusebenza zokukhumbuza nokulandelela, kwaye inika iimethrikhi zomgangatho wepotfoliyo abaphathi nabalawuli abaxhomekeke kuzo — ngokugqithisileyo iphotfoliyo esemngciphekweni (PAR) kunye neendidi zokubekela bucala.

6. Ukuhlengahlengiswa kunye nokuguqulwa kwemali-mboleko

Iimali-mboleko ziyatshintsha. I-LMS ixhasa ukucwangciswa ngokutsha, ukuxhaswa ngemali ngokutsha, ukwandiswa kwexesha, iikhefu zokuhlawula, ukuxolelwa kwenzala, ukudityaniswa, kunye nezivumelwano zokuhlawula — kwaye, okubaluleke kakhulu, igcina imbali yophicotho-zincwadi yokuba yintoni etshintshileyo nokuba itshintshe nini, kuba iimali-mboleko ezihlengahlengisiweyo zihlala ziphantsi kohlelo nokunikelwa kwengxelo olwahlukileyo ngokolawulo.

7. Ukudityaniswa kocwangciso-mali

Yonke into eyenzekayo ekunikezelweni kwenkonzo inesiphumo kucwangciso-mali. Ukukhutshwa kwemali kususa imali kwaye kudala i-akhawunti yokufunyanwa. Ukuqokelelwa kwenzala kunyusa ingeniso yenzala. Intlawulo yahlula phakathi kwengeniso nokuncitshiswa kwe-akhawunti yokufunyanwa. Intlawulo yeprovishini ichaphazela iindleko kunye ne-akhawunti echasene ne-asethi. Ukucinywa kwetyala kususa i-asethi. I-LMS kufuneka ivelise la mangenelo ngokuzenzekelayo phantsi kwemithetho yokubhala kabini, ngokuhambelana noluhlu lwee-akhawunti oluchaziweyo, kunye nokunikezelwa kwisebe, kwimveliso okanye kwiziko leendleko elivelise imali-mboleko — nokuba kufakwe ngaphakathi okanye kuthunyelwe kwinkqubo yocwangciso-mali yombolekisi.

8. Iingxelo kunye neengxelo ezifunwa ngabalawuli

Ukubunjwa kwepotfoliyo, iingxelo zokukhutshwa kwemali nokuqokelelwa, uhlalutyo lokuguga kweeriyari kunye ne-PAR, iishedyuli zokubekela bucala nokwehla kwexabiso, ukusebenza kwegosa nesebe, ukuqaphela ingeniso, kunye neengxelo zamaxesha ezimiselweyo ezifunwa ngumphathi. Uluhlu lokunika iingxelo lulapho i-LMS ifumana khona ixabiso layo elibonakalayo, kuba iguqula idatha yetransekshini ibe ngamanani asetyenziselwa ukuqhuba nokongamela ishishini.

9. Unxibelelwano kunye nokuzisebenzela komboleki

Izikhumbuzi zentlawulo ezizenzekelayo, izaziso zeeriyari, iirisithi kunye neengxelo nge-SMS, i-imeyile okanye umjelo wemiyalezo, kwaye kwiinkqubo ezininzi i-portal ejongene nomboleki okanye i-app yeselula ebonisa iibhalansi, iishedyuli kunye imbali yeentlawulo.

Inkqubo yolawulo lwemboleko xa ithelekiswa nenkqubo yokuqaliswa kwemboleko

Ezi nkqubo zimbini zigubungela iziqingatha ezichaseneyo zomjikelezo omnye wobomi, kwaye amagama ahlala edidekile.

• Inqanaba lomjikelezo wobomi: Ukufaka isicelo ukuya ekukhutshweni kwemali (LOS) xa kuthelekiswa nokukhutshwa kwemali ukuya ekuvalweni (LMS).
• Umbuzo ongundoqo: "Ngaba simele sibolekise, kwaye phantsi kwemiphi imiqathango?" (LOS) xa kuthelekiswa "Yintoni etyalwayo, ngubani oyityalayo, kanye ngoku?" (LMS).
• Imisebenzi ephambili: Ukufakwa kwesicelo, i-KYC, ukunikezelwa kwamanqaku etyala, ukuvavanywa kokukwazi ukuhlawula, kunye neenkqubo zokuvunywa (LOS) xa kuthelekiswa nokucwangciswa, ukongezeleka kwenzala, ukwabiwa kweentlawulo, ukulawulwa kweentsilelo zokuhlawula, ukuhlengahlengiswa, kunye nobhalo-mali (LMS).
• Abasebenzisi abaphambili: Amagosa eemboleko, abahlalutyi bamatyala, nabagunyazisayo (LOS) xa kuthelekiswa nabasebenzi bokunakekela, amaqela okuqokelela amatyala, ababhali-mali, kunye nabaphathi (LMS).
• Umqhubi womthamo: Inani lezicelo zeemboleko ezingenayo (LOS) xa kuthelekiswa nobukhulu nobudala bencwadi yeemboleko ezisebenzayo (LMS).
• Isiphumo esiphambili: Imboleko evunyiweyo nekhutshiweyo (LOS) xa kuthelekiswa nebhalansi echanekileyo kunye nencwadi ehambelanisiweyo (LMS).

Amaqonga amaninzi agubungela zombini, kwaye inqaku lokudlulisela phakathi kwawo sisiganeko sokukhutshwa kwemali. Apho ezi zimbini ziziinkqubo ezahlukeneyo, olo dluliselo kukudityaniswa okudla ngokubangela ingxaki kakhulu — imiqathango evunyiweyo kufuneka idluliselwe kwinkqubo yokunakekela ngaphandle kwempazamo yokukhuphela, kuba ishedyuli eveliswe kuloo miqathango iya kulawula imali-mboleko iminyaka emininzi.

Indlela i-LMS enxulumana ngayo neenkqubo ezikufutshane

• Inkqubo yebhanki engundoqo — iqonga lebhanki elipheleleyo eligubungela iidiphozithi, iintlawulo, unondyebo kunye nokubolekisa. I-LMS igubungela ukubolekisa kuphela, kwaye ixhaphakile apho iziko lingathathi iidiphozithi okanye apho imodyuli yokubolekisa yenkqubo engundoqo ingonelanga kwiimveliso ezinikezelwayo.
• CRM — ilawula ubudlelwane kunye noluhlu lwamathuba; igcina imbali yoqhagamshelwano nokusebenzisana, ingeyiyo ibhalansi yemali-mboleko enegunya.
• Isoftware yobalo-mali — igcina ileja jikelele. I-LMS yileja encedisayo yeemboleko, kwaye kufuneka ihambelane neeakhawunti zolawulo ze-GL ngalo lonke ixesha.
• Isoftware yokuqokelela amatyala — igxile kumsebenzi wokubuyisa imali kwinqanaba lamva nolawulo lweearhente. I-LMS iphatha iintsilelo zokuhlawula kwinqanaba lokuqala ngokwendalo; imisebenzi enzima yokubuyisa ngamanye amaxesha yongeza isixhobo esikhethekileyo.
• Iziko letyala kunye neendlela zokuhlawula — iinkonzo zangaphandle apho i-LMS idityaniswa nazo ukuze inike ingxelo ngokusebenza komboleki nokuze iqokelele okanye ikhuphe iimali.

Iindidi zeenkqubo zolawulo lweemboleko

Ngokusasazwa. Iinkqubo zelifu okanye zesoftware-njengenkonzo, ezisingathwa zize zigcinwe ngumthengisi, xa kuthelekiswa nokufakwa ngaphakathi apho umbolekisi aqhuba iziseko. Ilifu ngoku yindlela esetyenziswayo ngaphandle kwamaziko aneemfuno ezibophelelayo zokugcinwa kwedatha okanye imiqobo yeziseko.

Ngokwecandelo. Iinkqubo ezakhelwe i-microfinance nokubolekisa ngamaqela zihluke kakhulu kwezo zakhelwe ukusingatha iimortgage, ukuxhasa ngeemali izinto, ukubolekisa ngemivuzo okanye ityala labathengi elijikelezayo. Umahluko awungowangaphandle nje — ukubolekisa ngamaqela kufuna uxanduva oludibeneyo nokuqokelela okusekelwe kwiintlanganiso; ukuxhasa ngeemali izinto kufuna amaxabiso ashiyekileyo kunye neerejista zezinto; ukusingatha iimortgage kufuna i-escrow kunye nohlengahlengiso lwamazinga lwexesha elide.

Ngokwendlela. Thenga inkqubo yorhwebo elungisekayo, yakha ngaphakathi, okanye wandise ipakethe yobalo-mali ngeespredishithi. Ukwakha ngaphakathi kudla ngokujongelwa phantsi: injini yokubala yinxalenye elula, kwaye umkhondo wophicotho-zincwadi, uthelekiso, ukuphathwa kokubuyisela umva kunye nengxelo yokuthobela imigaqo kulapho umgudu wokwenene ukhona.

Izinto ekufuneka zihlolwe kwinkqubo yolawulo lweemboleko

• Ukulungiseka kwemveliso — ngaba iindlela zenzala zokwenyani zombolekisi, izakhiwo zeefizi, amaxesha obabalo kunye neepatheni zokuhlawula zinokulungiswa ngaphandle kophuhliso lwesiko?
• Imithetho yokwabiwa — ingaba ulandelelwano lokwabiwa lucacile, luyahambelana kwaye lunokuphicothwa?
• Ubunzulu be-accounting — ingaba bubhaliso oluphindwe kabini lokwenyani olunoluhlu lwee-akhawunti oluchaziweyo, okanye ngumaleko wengxelo odityaniswe phezu komlando wentengiselwano?
• Amasebe amaninzi kunye namaqumrhu amaninzi — ukwahlulwa kweencwadi ngokwesebe kunye neengxelo ezidityanisiweyo, apho kufanelekileyo.
• Iimali ezininzi — apho umbolekisi ebhala iimali-mboleko ngeemali ezingaphezulu kwesinye.
• Umkhondo wophicotho kunye neemvume — ngubani otshintshe ntoni, nini, kwaye phantsi kwemvume kabani; ukufikelela okusekelwe kwindima kunye nomenzi-umhloli kwizenzo ezifuna ukulumka.
• Ukuphathwa kohlehliso nolungiso — iimpazamo ziyenzeka, kwaye inkqubo kufuneka izilungise ngaphandle kokucima umlando.
• Ukuguquguquka kweengxelo — iingxelo eziqhelekileyo kunye nokukwazi ukukhupha idatha engalungiswanga.
• Udityaniso — iindlela zokuhlawula, ubhaliso-zimali, iziko lembali yamatyala, imiyalezo.
• Inkxaso yokufuduswa kwedatha — ukukwazi ukulayisha incwadi endala enebhalansi zokuqala ezichanekileyo kunye nezikhundla ezongezelelekileyo.

Imigibe eqhelekileyo yokuphunyezwa

Ukufuduswa kweebhalansi zokuqala. Eyona nto inzima ekuphunyezweni kwayo nayiphi na i-LMS ayikokumisela — kukulayisha ipotfoliyo ekhoyo ukuze imali eyintloko eseleyo yemali-mboleko nganye, inzala eqokelelweyo, imeko yeentlawulo ezisileleyo kunye nembali yeentlawulo zichaneke ngosuku lokuqala. Iibhalansi ezingahambelaniyo neerekhodi zakudala ziya kuphikiswa ngababoleki.

Ukungahambelani kokubalwa ngokutsha kwenzala. Ukuba inkqubo entsha ibala inzala ngokwahlukileyo kancinane kunendala, iimali-mboleko ezifudusiweyo ziya kuvelisa iibhalansi ezahlukileyo kwiishedyuli ababoleki abanazo. Oku kufuneka kusonjululwe ngabom, ngokuqhelekileyo ngokuhlonipha ishedyuli yoqobo kwiimali-mboleko ezindala.

Ukukhukuliseka kokumiselwa kweemveliso. Ukumisela iimveliso zemali-mboleko ngokungakhathali, emva koko ukuzilungisa ngohlengahlengiso lwezandla, kujongela phantsi umkhondo wophicotho kwaye kwenza iingxelo zingathembeki.

Ukuhlehliswa koxolelwaniso lwe-ledger. Ukuba i-ledger encedisayo yemali-mboleko ayithelekiswa ne-ledger jikelele kwasekuqaleni, umsantsa uyakhula kwaye uba nexabiso elikhulu kakhulu ukuwusombulula.

Imibuzo ebuzwa rhoqo

Uyintoni umahluko phakathi kwenkqubo yolawulo lweemali-mboleko kunye nesoftware yokunakekela iimali-mboleko? Zichaza into enye. "Loan servicing software" ixhaphake kakhulu kwiimarike zemali-mboleko yezindlu kunye netyala labathengi; "loan management system" ixhaphake kakhulu kwi-microfinance, kwi-SACCO nakwimali-mboleko kwiimarike ezisakhulayo.