Ukuvavanywa kwemboleko

Uvavanyo lwemboleko luhlolo olucwangcisiweyo olwenziwa ngumbolekisi kwisicelo semboleko ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba umboleki uyakwazi na ukuyibuyisa, nokuba kusenokwenzeka na ukuba ayibuyise, kwaye yiyiphi imali, ixesha nesibambiso emele ukuba nayo imboleko. Luvelisa isindululo; aluwenzi isigqibo.

Uvavanyo luphakathi kwesicelo nokuvunywa. Yonke into ephambi kwalo kukuqokelela — iifom, amaxwebhu, isazisi. Yonke into emva kwalo kugunyaziso. Uvavanyo linxalenye apho ubungqina buguqulelwa ekubeni sisigqibo, kwaye lelinqanaba apho ukusebenza kokugqibela kwencwadi yeemboleko kumiselwa khona ubukhulu becala. Imboleko ekungafanelekanga ukuba ibhalwe ayinakulungiswa okanye iqokelelwe ibuyele kwimeko entle.

Isiphumo sisindululo esibhaliweyo, esidla ngokubizwa ngokuba yingxelo yovavanyo okanye imemo yetyala, equka isixa esicetywayo, ixesha, ubume bentlawulo, amaxabiso, isibambiso neemeko, kunye nezizathu nobungqina obusemva kwazo. Umntu oyilungisayo ngokuqhelekileyo ayinguye umntu oyivumayo.

Uvavanyo lwemboleko, hayi uvavanyo lwe-asethi

Eli gama lineentsingiselo ezimbini, kwaye iziphumo zokukhangela zalo ziyazixuba ngokukhululekileyo.

• Uvavanyo lwemboleko, njengoko lisetyenziswa apha nakwi-microfinance, inkxaso-mali yophuhliso kunye noninzi lweendlela zokubolekisa ze-Commonwealth, lithetha uvavanyo lwetyala — ukuvavanya umboleki nesindululo.
• Uvavanyo kusetyenziso lwe-mortgage yaseMntla Melika ludla ngokuthetha uqikelelo-maxabiso wepropati, olwenziwa ngumvavanyi onelayisensi ukuze kumiselwe inani elilawula umlinganiselo wemboleko-kwi-xabiso.

Eyesibini yenye yegalelo kweyokuqala. Uqikelelo-maxabiso lukuxelela ukuba isibambiso sixabisa ntoni na; aluthethi nto malunga nokuba umboleki uyakwazi na ukuhlawula. Apho amaxwebhu asetyenziswa khona kwiimarike ezahlukeneyo, ukucacisa "uvavanyo lwetyala" okanye "uqikelelo-maxabiso lwesibambiso" kususa konke ukungacaci.

Amagama anxulumeneyo aneentsingiselo ezithe gqagqana:

• Uvavanyo lwemboleko — Luvavanyo luphela: umboleki, isiphakamiso, isibambiso, isindululo.
• Uvavanyo lwetyala — Yinto efanayo; ziyatshintsheleka kumaziko amaninzi.
• I-underwriting — Ngumsebenzi ofanayo, uxhaphake kakhulu kubhanki nakwimali-mboleko yabathengi; udla ngokuthetha inkqubo elawulwa yimithetho ngakumbi.
• Uhlalutyo lwetyala — Licandelo lohlalutyo, ngakumbi leengxelo zemali kunye nokuhamba kwemali.
• Ukuqinisekisa ngokucokisekileyo — Kukuqinisekisa okubanzi, kuxhaphakile kwinkxaso-mali yeenkampani neeprojekthi.

Indawo yovavanyo ekuqalisweni kwemboleko

1. Uphando nokuhlola — ingaba lo mboleki nale njongo zingaphakathi komgaqo-nkqubo kwaphela?
2. Isicelo nokuqokelelwa kwamaxwebhu — isazisi, ubungqina bengeniso, iirekhodi zeshishini, amaxwebhu esibambiso.
3. Ukuqinisekisa kunye ne-KYC — ukuqinisekisa ukuba amaxwebhu ayinyani kwaye umntu unyani.
4. Uvavanyo — utyelelo lwesiza, uhlalutyo lokuhamba kwemali, imbali yetyala, uhlolo lwesibambiso, isindululo esibhaliweyo.
5. Ukuvunywa — igunya elahlukileyo liyasamkela, liyasilungisa okanye liyasikhaba isindululo.
6. Unikezelo, ukwamkelwa kunye namaxwebhu — imiqathango iyakhutshwa kwaye izivumelwano ziyasayinwa.
7. Ukukhutshwa kwemali.

Amanyathelo 4 no-5 kufuneka agcinwe ahlukene. Apho umntu ovavanyayo naye avumayo, akukho sigqibo sesibini kwinkqubo, kwaye lonke ulawulo luxhomekeke kwiinkuthazo zomntu omnye. Jonga indlela yokusebenza yokuvunywa ukuze ubone indlela olo lwahlulo luhlelwa ngayo ngokuqhelekileyo.

Ii-C ezintlanu zetyala

Isakhelo esisemgangathweni sento ehlolwa luvavanyo. Sisidala, yindlela yokukhumbuza endaweni yokuba yimodeli, kwaye sihlala silolona luhlu lokukhangela luluncedo ekubolekiseni imali kuba u-C ngamnye usilela ngendlela eyahlukileyo.

• Isimilo (Ngaba baza kuhlawula?) — Ingxelo ye-credit bureau, imbali yokuhlawula yangaphakathi, iireferensi, ababoneleli bezorhwebo, ukuma ekuhlaleni, ubude bexesha lokuba seshishinini.
• Amandla (Ngaba bangakwazi ukuhlawula?) — Ingeniso eqinisekisiweyo, ukuhamba kwemali kweshishini, izibophelelo ezikhoyo, umlinganiselo wokuhlawula ityala.
• Inkunzi (Yintoni abanayo emgceni?) — Igalelo labo, i-equity yeshishini, iimali ezigciniweyo, inzuzo egciniweyo.
• Isibambiso (Yintoni enokuthathwa xa kungahlawulwa?) — Isibambiso esinikezelweyo, ubunini, uqikelelo lwexabiso, ukunyanzeliseka, LTV.
• Iimeko (Yintoni enokutshintsha?) — Umbono wecandelo, amaxesha onyaka, ukhuphiswano, imimiselo, injongo yemali-mboleko ngokwayo.

Amandla okuhlawula asisiseko esiphambili sokubolekisa imali. Isibambiso sisesesibini. Uvavanyo oluphumelela ngesibambiso kuphela alulovavanyo — sisigqibo sokubuyiselwa imali ngokunyanzeliswa, nto leyo ecothayo, ebiza imali eninzi kwaye efunyanwa ngokungaphelelanga.

Ukuvavanya ishishini elingenazo iingxelo zemali

Uninzi lwababoleki kwi-microfinance nakubolekiso lwamashishini amancinci alunazo ii-akhawunti ezihloliweyo, ngokufuthi alunazo kwaphela ii-akhawunti. Uvavanyo aluthobi umgangatho walo ngenxa yoko; lutshintsha indlela yalo. Igosa lemali-mboleko lakha umfanekiso wezemali ngexesha lotyelelo endaweni yokufunda osele ukho.

Yakha kwakhona ukuhamba kwemali ngokuqwalasela. Iintengiso zemihla ngemihla okanye zeveki zibuzwa ngeendlela ezininzi ezahlukileyo kwaye ziqinisekiswa. Ubuninzi bokuthenga nobungakanani obuqhelekileyo be-oda. Amagama ababoneleli nemiqathango. Isitokhwe sibalwa size sixatyiswe kwangoko. Umda wenzuzo uthathwa kumaxabiso okwenyani okuthenga nawokuthengisa kwiimpahla eziphambili, hayi kule nto umboleki athi umda wenzuzo uyiyo.

Phatha ikhaya neshishini njengeyunithi enye. Kwishishini elincinci, ikhaya neshishini yipokotho enye. Iifizi zesikolo, irenti, ukutya neendleko zonyango zikhuphisana ngqo nokuhlawulwa kwemali-mboleko. Uvavanyo oluthatha intsalela yeshishini luze lungayihoyi inkcitho yekhaya luya kuhlala luwabaxa amandla okuhlawula.

Qinisekisa ngobungqina obuphathekayo. Isitokhwe esishelufini, izixhobo kwisiza, izakhiwo ngokwazo, iincwadi zeerisithi, iingxelo ze-mobile money, iirekhodi zababoneleli, incwadana yomboleki ngokwakhe. Imbali ye-mobile money ngokukodwa iye yaba ngumthombo omnye onokuthenjwa kakhulu wobungqina bentengiselwano ofumanekayo kumashishini angekho sikweni.

Qinisekisa ngabantu besithathu. Abarhwebi abangabamelwane, ababoneleli, umbutho wemarike, iqela. Kubolekiso lwamaqela, ukuvuma kwamalungu ukwamkela umenzi-sicelo ngokwako bubungqina bovavanyo, nto leyo eyinxalenye enkulu yesizathu sokuba i-village banking isebenze.

Hlola amaxesha onyaka. Umrhwebi ovavanywa ngenyanga yexesha eliphezulu aze anikwe intlawulo yenyanga emiselweyo uya kusokola ngexesha eliphantsi. Buza ukuba eyona nyanga imbi ibonakala injani uze ulinganise intlawulo ngokuhambelana noko, okanye ungqamanise ubume bentlawulo nomjikelo.

Umzekelo osebenzayo: ukuvavanya umrhwebi wasemarikeni

Umenzi-sicelo ucela i-30,000 kwiinyanga ezili-12 yokuthenga isitokhwe. Igosa lemali-mboleko liyandwendwela, libala isitokhwe, likhangele amaxabiso okuthenga nawokuthengisa, lize liphinde lakhe imeko yenyanga.

• Umndilili weentengiso zemihla ngemihla: 1,200 × 25 iintsuku zokurhweba = 30,000
• Iindleko zeempahla ezithengisiweyo (70% yeentengiso): (21,000)
• Inzuzo epheleleyo: 9,000
• Irenti yesitali: (1,200)
• Ezothutho: (800)
• Iilayisensi neerhafu zasemarikeni: (300)
• Umsebenzi wethutyana: (1,000)
• Ingeniso ecocekileyo yoshishino: 5,700
• Ingeniso yeqabane: 1,500
• Iindleko zekhaya: (3,000)
• Intsalela ekhoyo: 4,200

Umgaqo-nkqubo wombolekisi ubeka umda wokuhlawulwa kwetyala kwi-60% yentsalela ekhoyo, nto leyo enika umthamo wokuhlawula oyi-2,520 ngenyanga.

Imali-mboleko eceliweyo ye-30,000 kwiinyanga ezili-12 nge-3% ngenyanga kwintsalela enciphayo ifuna intlawulo emalunga ne-3,014 — ngaphezulu komthamo. Xa sibala sibuya emva ukusuka kwi-2,520 sifumana imali-mboleko enokuxhaswa emalunga nama-25,000.

Isindululo sovavanyo: makuvunywe i-25,000 kwiinyanga ezili-12 endaweni ye-30,000 eceliweyo, kunye nokuncitshiswa nesiseko saso kuchazwe ngokucacileyo kwingxelo.

Esi sesona siphumo siqhelekileyo nesiluncedo kakhulu sovavanyo lokwenene. Indlela yokukhetha phakathi kokuvuma okanye ukwala kuphela ifihla into yokuba uninzi lwexabiso kuvavanyo lukwizinga lokulinganisa ubungakanani — ukufumana isixa umboleki anokuthi asithwale ngokwenene, esidla ngokuba ngaphantsi kunesicelo kwaye ngamanye amaxesha sibe ngaphezulu.

Ingxelo yovavanyo

Nokuba yeyiphi na indlela, ingxelo kufuneka ivumele umhloli ongazange adibane nomboleki ukuba afikelele kwisigqibo esifanayo. Ubuncinane:

• Isishwankathelo somboleki neshishini — ukuba ngoobani, benza ntoni, ixesha elingakanani, kwaye baphi.
• Isicelo semali-mboleko — isixa, injongo, ixesha, ubume obucetywayo.
• Uhlalutyo lwenjongo — ukuba imali iza kuthenga ntoni kanye kwaye ingaba loo nto ivelisa intlawulo. Imali-mboleko yesitokhwe kufuneka ibonise inzuzo eyongezelelweyo eveliswa sisitokhwe.
• Ukuhamba kwemali nokukwazi ukuhlawula — amanani angentla, kunye nemithombo yawo.
• Imbali yetyala — isiphumo sebhuyiro yamatyala, imbali yangaphakathi, abanye ababolekisi, naziphi na izikhundla zokuba ngumboleki odibeneyo okanye umqinisekisi esele zibanjwe.
• Ukhuseleko — into enikelwayo, ukuba ngubani umniniyo, ukuba ixabisa ntoni, nokuba intlawulo iyabhaliseka na, i-LTV ephumayo.
• Imingcipheko nezinto zokunciphisa — zichazwe ngokucacileyo. Uvavanyo olungenayo mingcipheko edwelisiweyo alukenziwanga.
• Isindululo — isixa, ixesha, izinga, ukhuseleko, iimeko ezandulelayo.
• Igama legosa, umhla kunye nesiginitsha.

Ubungqina bubaluleke ngokulingana nesigqibo. Iifoto zestokhwe neziza, izilungelelaniso ze-GPS zotyelelo, iikopi zamaxwebhu ahloliweyo kunye nomhla wokuhlolwa zizo ezenza ukuba ifayile ikwazi ukuzithethelela kamva, nokuba kuphambi komlawuli, umphicothi-zincwadi, umtyali-mali okanye inkundla.

Uvavanyo olusekelwe kwisigqibo kunye nokufakwa kwamanqaku etyala

• Uvavanyo olusekelwe kwisigqibo - Isiseko: Uvavanyo lwegosa ngokwesakhelo

  • Isantya: Iiyure ukuya kwiintsuku
  • Iindleko ngemboleko nganye: Ziphezulu
  • Iphatha ababoleki abanefayile encinci: Ewe
  • Ukungaguquguquki phakathi kwamagosa: Kuyahluka
  • Iyakwazi ukuziqhelanisa namatyala angaqhelekanga: Ewe
  • Ifuna imbali yedatha: Hayi

• Ukufakwa kwamanqaku etyala - Isiseko: Imodeli yezibalo phezu kwedatha yembali

  • Isantya: Imizuzwana
  • Iindleko ngemboleko nganye: Ziphantsi kakhulu
  • Iphatha ababoleki abanefayile encinci: Kakubi
  • Ukungaguquguquki phakathi kwamagosa: Kuphelele
  • Iyakwazi ukuziqhelanisa namatyala angaqhelekanga: Hayi
  • Ifuna imbali yedatha: Ewe, enkulu

Akukho nanye engcono jikelele, kwaye uninzi lwababolekisi luphela lunazo zombini. Ulwakhiwo oluqhelekileyo kukufakwa kwamanqaku okanye imigaqo yomgaqo-nkqubo kwiimali-mboleko ezincinci, eziphindaphindwayo neziqhelekileyo, uvavanyo olupheleleyo kubaboleki bokuqala, izixa ezikhulu kunye nayo nantoni na ephawulwa yimigaqo. Ukubolekisa okuphindaphindwayo kulapho uqoqosho luba nzima kakhulu: umboleki okumjikelo wakhe wesihlanu enerekhodi elicocekileyo akafuni ubunzulu bovavanyo obufanayo nomntu ongaziwayo, kwaye ukunyanzelisa okwahlukileyo kwenza iimali-mboleko ezincinci eziphindaphindwayo zingabi nangeniso.

Apho ukuvavanya kusilela khona

Ukuvavanya okujoliswe kwithagethi. Amagosa aneethagethi zomthamo okanye zokukhutshwa kwemali kwaye engenalo ulinganiso kumgangatho wepotfoliyo aya kuwafumana amanani axhasa ukwamkelwa. Apho izikhuthazi zichaphazela ukukhutshwa kwemali, kufuneka ziphinde zichaphazele iintsalela ezingahlawulwanga kwiimali-mboleko ezibhalwe lelo gosa, ngolibaziseko olude ngokwaneleyo lokuzibamba.

Ukuqeqesha amanani. Uqikelelo lweentengiso olufunyanwa ngokubuza "ingaba wenza malunga ne-1,500 ngosuku, andithi?" Imibuzo evulekileyo, ukukhangela ngokuphindaphindiweyo kunye nokuqinisekisa ngokwasemzimbeni lukhuselo.

Ukuvavanya ngokukopa nokuncamathisela. Ukuhamba kwemali okufanayo kubahwebi abohlukeneyo kwimarike enye, okanye ingxelo ephinde yasetyenziswa kumjikelo wangaphambili ngaphandle kotyelelo olutsha. Kulula ukukubona xa kuphononongwa kwaye luphawu oluthembekileyo lokuba ukuvavanya kuye kwaba sisiko nje.

Akukho tyelelo lwendawo. Kumalungiselelo okubolekisa amashishini, utyelelo lulo ukuvavanya. Yonke enye into ngamaxwebhu umboleki akhethe ukuwanikezela.

Iindleko zekhaya zishiyiwe. Ngokungaguquguqukiyo ngowona mthombo mnye mkhulu wokubaxwa kwamandla okuhlawula kwiimali-mboleko zamashishini amancinane naphakathi.

Ukuvavanya isibambiso endaweni yomboleki. Isibambiso esikhululekileyo sivelisa ukuvavanya okungenzulu. Imali-mboleko ke ngoko ixhomekeke ekunyanzelisweni, okubuyisa kancinci kwaye emva kwexesha kunokuba ifayile icinga.

Ukuvavanya okuphelelwe lixesha. Ukuvavanya okwenziwe iinyanga ezine ngaphambi kokukhutshwa kwemali kuchaza ishishini elinokuba alisekho ngolo hlobo. Uninzi lwemigaqo lubeka ubudala obuphezulu, ngokuqhelekileyo iintsuku ezingama-30 ukuya kwezingama-90, emva koko imeko iyahlaziywa.

Akukho mjikelo wengxelo. Umgangatho wokuvavanya uphucuka kuphela ukuba umntu uthelekisa ukuvavanya noko iimali-mboleko eziye zakwenza. Ukuthatha isampuli kwiimeko zeeariyisi zakwangoko nokuphinda ufunde ingxelo yokuqala lolona lawulo lomgangatho lufumanekayo olunexabiso eliphantsi, kwaye lolona lungahoywayo.

Imibuzo ebuzwa rhoqo

Kuthatha ixesha elingakanani ukuvavanya imali-mboleko?

Kususela kwimizuzu nje kwi-microloan ephindwayo efakwe amanqaku ukuya kwiiveki ezininzi kwisibonelelo seshishini esinesibambiso esifuna uqikelelo lwexabiso, ukukhangela amatayitile kunye nokuhlolwa kwesiza. Uninzi lokuvavanya amashishini amancinci olubandakanya utyelelo luthatha usuku olunye ukuya kwezintathu lwexesha elidlulileyo.