Ukonga njengesibambiso

Ukonga njenge isibambiso kukulungiselelo apho ibhalansi yediphozithi yomboleki ngokwakhe ikhusela imali-mboleko yakhe. Umbolekisi ubamba ilayini okanye intlawulo phezu kwezo mali, uvimba ukuba zirhoxiswe ngelixa imali-mboleko ingekahlawulwa, kwaye angazisebenzisa ukuhlawula ityala ukuba umboleki uyasilela.

Ibonakala phantsi kwamagama amaninzi: isibambiso semali, ukonga okunyanzelekileyo, ukonga okunyanzelwayo, idiphozithi yokhuseleko, isigqubuthelo semali, eqinisekiswe ngokonga okanye imali-mboleko yencwadi yokonga, kwaye kwiimanyano zamatyala nakwii-SACCO, ukuboleka okuxhaswa zizabelo.

Yeyona ndlela yokhuseleko ethembekileyo enokuguqulwa ibe yimali ekhoyo kumbolekisi. Akukho qikelelo lwexabiso, akukho kuhluthwa kwempahla, akukho mngcipheko wemarike, akukho kugcinwa, akukho fandesi, kwaye akukho xesha limiselweyo lokunyanzelisa — ukubuyiswa kwemali kungenxa yokubhala nje ebhukwini. Zonke ezinye iindlela zesibambiso zinexabiso elingaphantsi kwexabiso lazo eliqhelekileyo xa iindleko zokwenza imali kunye nolibaziseko zibaliwe. Isibambiso semali sinexabiso elilingana ngqo nexabiso laso lobuso, ngoko nangoko.

Oko kuthembeka kukwayinto eyenza kufuneke kuqwalaselwe ngononophelo: isibambiso sinikezelwa ngumboleki, ngeyakhe imali, kwaye ilungiselelo linokudlulisela ngokuthe cwaka inxalenye enkulu yeendleko zemboleko ibuyele kuye.

Iindlela Ezimbini Eziphambili

Ukonga okunyanzelekileyo (okunyanzelwayo)

Ukonga yimeko yokuboleka. Umboleki kufuneka afake idiphozithi eyimfuneko — nokuba ihlawulwe kwangaphambili, itsalwe xa kukhutshwa imali, okanye iqokelelwe ngeegalelo zamaxesha ngamaxesha — kwaye ibhalansi ivaliwe ngalo lonke ixesha lemboleko.

Le yimicrofinance yakudala kunye nokuboleka kweqela imodeli. Isigqubuthelo semali esiqhelekileyo siphakathi kwe-10% ne-30% yesixa-mali semboleko, nangona indlela yokwenza yahluka kakhulu. Ugcino luhlala kwingxowa-mali yeqela okanye kwingxowa-mali ye-inshorensi yemboleko endaweni yeakhawunti yomntu ngamnye.

Ukuboleka ngokuzithandela okuqinisekiswe ngokonga

Ilungu likhetha ukuboleka kusetyenziswa imali egciniweyo njengesibambiso kunokuba kutsalwe — ukuze kugcinwe ibhalansi eyenza inzala, kuthintelwe ukuphazamiseka kwediphozithi esisigxina, kugcinwe irekhodi yogcino, okanye kwakhiwe imbali yetyala. Le yimodeli yemanyano yamatyala neye-SACCO, edla ngokudityaniswa nesiphindaphinda: ilungu lingaboleka ukuya kuthi ga kwiimpinda ezimbini, ezintathu okanye ezine zezabelo zalo eziqokeleleneyo okanye iidiphozithi zalo, kwaye abaqinisekisi bagubungela inxalenye engagutyungelwanga.

Lo mahluko ubalulekile kwindlela yokuziphatha nakwezoqoqosho. Ukuboleka ngokuzithandela okuqinisekiswe ngekheshi lukhetho lokwenene lwemveliso. Ugcino olunyanzelekileyo yindlela yokumisela amaxabiso evezwa njengemveliso yogcino.

Indlela Esebenza Ngayo Ngokomatshini

• Isibambiso. Kwenziwa i-lien, intlawulo okanye isibambiso phezu kwediphozithi ngesivumelwano semali-mboleko okanye sobulungu, nto leyo enika umbolekisi ilungelo elisemthethweni lokususa ityala ngebhalansi.
• Ukuvalwa. I-akhawunti iphawulwa nge-lien kwinkqubo ukuze ibhalansi ingakwazi ukutsalwa okanye ukudluliselwa ngoxa imali-mboleko ingekahlawulwa.
• Umlinganiselo wokhuselo lwekheshi. Ibhalansi ebambisiweyo njengepesenti yemali-mboleko — iyi-100% xa imali-mboleko ikhuselwe ngekheshi ngokupheleleyo, kwaye isezantsi kakhulu xa ukhuseleko luyinxalenye.
• Ukususwa kwetyala ngebhalansi xa kungahlawulwanga. Umbolekisi usebenzisa ibhalansi ngokuchasene netyala elingekahlawulwa. Esi sisenzo sobalo-mali nesomthetho, hayi inkqubo yokunyanzelisa.
• Ukukhululwa. I-lien iyasuswa xa kuhlawulwe ngokupheleleyo. Apho ukhuseleko luyinxalenye kwaye imali-mboleko iyancipha ngezavenge, isenzo esifanelekileyo kukukhulula ngokomlinganiselo kunokuba kubanjwe ibhalansi epheleleyo kude kube sekupheleni.

Ingxaki yeNdleko Eyiyo

Oku ngundoqo wohlalutyo lwalo mbandela, kwaye yeyona ngongoma idla ngokushiywa ngaphandle.

Xa umbolekwa enyanzelekile ukuba onge imali ukuze akwazi ukuboleka, uhlawula inzala ngesixa esipheleleyo semali-mboleko ngoxa esebenzisa kuphela isixa esiseleyo. Ngelo xesha, ugcino oluvaliweyo lufumana ireyithi yediphozithi esezantsi kakhulu kunereyithi yokubolekisa.

Umzekelo owenziweyo

Umbolekwa uthatha imali-mboleko eyi-10,000 nge-24% ngonyaka. Ugcino olunyanzelekileyo lwe-2,000 lutsalwa xa kusenziwa ukukhutshwa kwemali kwaye luvalwa ixesha lonke, lufumana i-5%.

• Isixa semali-mboleko esichaziweyo: 10,000
• Thabatha: ugcino olunyanzelekileyo oluvaliweyo: (2,000)
• Iimali eziseleyo ezifumanekayo kumbolekwa: 8,000
• Inzala ehlawulwe kwi-10,000 epheleleyo nge-24%: 2,400
• Thabatha: inzala efunyenwe kwi-2,000 nge-5%: (100)
• Iindleko zenzala ezicocekileyo: 2,300
• Izinga lenzala elichaziweyo: 24.0%
• Izinga lenzala elisebenzayo kwiimali ezifumanekayo ngokwenene (2,300 / 8,000): 28.8%

Izinga elichaziweyo liyihlisa indleko yokwenyani ngokuphantse kube ngamanqaku eepesenti amahlanu. Yandisa isibambiso semali ukuya kuma-30%, okanye yehlisa izinga lediphozithi, kwaye umsantsa uyakhula ngakumbi.

Iimpembelelo ezimbini:

Ukubhengezwa kwexabiso kufuneka kubonise oku. Izinga lenzala elisebenzayo okanye iindleko zizonke zetyala ezibalwe ngokuhamba kwemali okuyinyani — into ebifunyenwe ngumboleki, nento ebihlawulwe nguye — lelona nani kuphela elivumela umboleki ukuba athelekise iimveliso. Izinga lenzala elichaziweyo elibekwe ngokuchasene nesixa-mali semali-mboleko abangazange basisebenzise ngokupheleleyo asiloxabiso elinentsingiselo.

Ukonga okunyanzelekileyo kuyinxalenye yesixhobo sokumisela amaxabiso. Kuphakamisa isivuno esisebenzayo kwipotfoliyo ngelixa kugcina izinga eliphambili lisezantsi. Oko akuthethi ukuba kungalunganga ngokuzenzekelayo, kodwa kufuneka kuqondwe kwaye kubhengezwe ngolo hlobo kunokuba kuchazwe kuphela njengenzuzo yokonga kumxhasi.

Kutheni Ababolekisi Bekusebenzisa

• Ilahleko yokungahlawuli ephantse ibe ngu-zero kwisahlulo esigqunyiweyo — ukufunyanwa kwemali kwangoko kwaye kuqinisekile.
• Akukho ndleko yokunyanzelisa okanye ukulibaziseka, ngokungafaniyo nazo zonke ezinye iintlobo zesibambiso
• Uphawu lokuhlola nokuzibophelela — ukukulungela nokukwazi ukonga ngokwako kusisalathiso sokuhlawula.
• Ulwelo-mali kunye nenkxaso-mali, apho iziko linelayisensi yokugcina iidiphozithi
• Umkhwa wokonga owakhiwe ngokwenene, kwiimeko apho umxhasi ebengenakukonga ngenye indlela.
• Ukuphuculwa kwesivuno esisebenzayo, njengoko kuchaziwe apha ngasentla

Kutheni Ababoleki Bekusebenzisa

• Ukufikelela kwityala ngaphandle kwesinye isibambiso okanye irekhodi esemthethweni yetyala.
• Ukugcina imali egciniweyo injalo kunokuba uyikhuphise ngenxa yesidingo semali enkulu ngexesha elinye.
• Izinga lenzala eliphantsi kunezinye iindlela ezingenazibambiso, apho ukumiswa kwexabiso kubonisa ngokwenene isibambiso.
• Izixa-mali ezikhulu zemboleko ngokusebenzisa isiphindaphindi, kwizakhiwo ze-SACCO kunye nezeemanyano zamatyala
• Ukwakha imbali ebhaliweyo yokonga nokuhlawula.

Imiba yoLawulo nokuThobela

Ukwamkela iidiphozithi kufuna ilayisensi. Kwiindawo ezininzi zolawulo, ukwamkela iidiphozithi kuluntu ngumsebenzi onelayisensi. Umbolekisi ongawamkeli iidiphozithi oqokelela "ukonga okunyanzelekileyo" angabandakanyeka ekuthathweni kweediphozithi ngaphandle kwelayisensi — ingozi enkulu kwezolawulo. Iindlela eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziselwa ukuyiphepha ziquka ukugcina iimali kwitrasti kwibhanki enelayisensi, okanye ukuzichaza njengesibambiso semali endaweni yokuba yidiphozithi, kodwa indlela yokusingatha ixhomekeke kumthetho wendawo kwaye kufuneka iqinisekiswe nomlawuli endaweni yokuba kucingelwe.

Ukukhuselwa kwediphozithi. Apho imali egciniweyo ikhuselwe yinkqubo yeinshorensi yediphozithi, iibhalansi ezivaliweyo zisenokuthi zikhuselwe okanye zingakhuselwa, kwaye indlela yokuphathwa xa iziko lisilela kufuneka iqondwe.

Amalungelo okutsalana kwamatyala kufuneka adalwe ngokusemthethweni kwaye abe nokunyanzeliswa. Ilungelo elithelekelelwa kunokuba libhalwe phantsi alinaxabiso ngexesha elifunekayo.

Imiba yoKhuselo lwaBaxhasi

Ukusetyenziswa kwemali egciniweyo njengesibambiso kuphakamisa iinkxalabo ezithile zokuziphatha, ezininzi zazo eziye zagxekwa kulo lonke icandelo.

Ukuxelelwa. Umboleki kufuneka aqonde, ngaphambi kokutyikitya, ukuba imali egciniweyo ivaliwe, ixesha elingakanani, ukuba yintoni imali ekhutshwa ngokwenene eza kuba yiyo, ukuba imali egciniweyo iza kufumana nzala engakanani, kwaye ukuba yintoni indleko esebenzayo yemali-mboleko kwiimali ezifunyenwe ngokwenene.

Imali egciniweyo yimali yomxhasi. Ukuvalwa kwemali egciniweyo kusisithintelo sekhontrakthi kwimpahla yomxhasi uqobo, hayi intlawulo. Kufuneka ikhululwe ngokukhawuleza xa kuhlawulwa, kwaye ukukhululwa ngokomlinganiselo njengoko imali-mboleko iyancipha kungcono kunokugcina ibhalansi epheleleyo kude kuphele ixesha.

Ukubambisa ngaphezulu. Ukuvalwa kwemali egciniweyo ngokugqithisileyo xa kuthelekiswa netyala kubangela iindleko ngaphandle kokunciphisa umngcipheko okuhambelanayo.

Ukutsalana kwamatyala komntu wesithathu Kwizakhiwo ze-SACCO neekhredit yuniyoni, izabelo zomqinisekisi okanye iidiphozithi zihlala zithinjwa xa umboleki abamqinisekisileyo esilela ukuhlawula. Oku kusemthethweni ngokwekhontrakthi xa kubhalwe ngokufanelekileyo, kodwa sisibophelelo esibalulekileyo abaqinisekisi abasoloko bengasiqondi ngokupheleleyo ngexesha lokusayina. Ukuxelelwa okucacileyo nokukhethekileyo kwabaqinisekisi — ngesixa esisemngciphekweni kunye neemeko zokuthinjwa — kuyimfuneko esisiseko yokhuseleko, kwaye ukungabikho kwayo kungunobangela ophindaphindayo weengxabano zamalungu.

Iimali zeqela. Apho ingxowa-mali yeqela eyakhiwe ngeminikelo yamalungu isetyenziselwa ukuhlawula amatyala elungu elingahlawuliyo, abahlawuli abalungileyo bathwala ilahleko yelinye ilungu ngemali yabo egciniweyo. Oku kuyinxalenye yobutyala obudibeneyo ngokoyilwa, kodwa kufuneka kuvunyelwane ngokucacileyo kuze kuqondwe, hayi ukufunyanwa ngexesha lelahleko.

Ukuphathwa ekufeni okanye ekuphumeni. Umgaqo-nkqubo kufuneka ucace gca malunga nokukhululwa kwemali egciniweyo evaliweyo kwilifa lelungu eliswelekileyo okanye kwilungu eliphumayo, kutsalwa naliphi na ityala elingekahlawulwa.

Imali egciniweyo mayingathathi indawo yokuhlolwa kwemboleko. Imali ebambisiweyo iyayinciphisa ilahleko xa kusileleka ukuhlawula; ayenzi imali-mboleko ifikeleleke. Ukubolekisa ngenxa yesibambiso kumboleki ongakwaziyo ukuhlawula izavenge kuvelisa ukusilela ukuhlawula, ilahleko yemali egciniweyo yomboleki, kwaye akukho nzuzo kuye nabani na.

Ukuphathwa koBhalomali nokuBekelwa Bucala

Musa ukutsalana ngokuzenzekelayo. Ibhalansi yemali egciniweyo yityala kwaye imali-mboleko iyi-asethi. Ukuzitsalanisa kwiphepha lobalomali kufuna zombini ilungelo elinyanzeliswa ngokomthetho lokutsalana kwamatyala kunye nenjongo yokuhlawula ngokutsalana okanye ngaxeshanye. Ilungelo lokubamba idiphozithi ngokwalo aliyifezi imigaqo yokutsalana kwamatyala; ezi zinto zimbini zidla ngokuboniswa zingatsalaniswanga.

Ilahleko yetyala elilindelekileyo. Isibambiso semali sinciphisa ilahleko ngenxa yokusilela ukuhlawula kwinxalenye egqunyiweyo, ukuba nje ilungelo lokutsalwa kwetyala linokunyanzeliswa ngokomthetho kwaye imali eseleyo ifumaneka ngokwenene. Iingqikelelo ze-LGD kufuneka zibonise imali eseleyo enokunyanzeliswa, engenazibophelelo — hayi inani elibhaliweyo lolondolozo, kwaye hayi iimali eziphantsi kwamabango aphikisanayo.

Ukuhlelwa kwembuyekezo. Ukusebenzisa imali egciniweyo yomboleki ukuhlawula ityala lakhe kukutsalwa kwetyala, hayi imbuyekezo evela kumandla okuhlawula omboleki. Ukukudibanisa oko kumanani ezinga lokubuyisela kuyawakhukulisa kwaye kuyonakalisa naluphi na uqikelelo lwe-LGD oluphuma kuloo mbali. Landelela ukutsalwa kwetyala ngokwahlukileyo.

Isikhokelo Soyilo

• Misela ukhuselo lwemali ngabom. Kufuneka lubonise umngcipheko ogqunyiweyo, hayi obona buninzi umxhasi anokukunyamezela.
• Chaza iindleko ezisebenzayo kwiimali ezifumanekayo ezicocekileyo, hayi nje izinga elichaziweyo kwisixa esipheleleyo.
• Khulula ngokomlinganiselo njengoko imali-mboleko ihlawulwa ngezavenge xa ukhuselo luyinxalenye.
• Khetha ukuzithandela kunokunyanzelwa apho abaxhasi bevumela khona — imveliso ingcono ngokubonakalayo kwaye umngcipheko wokuziphatha uphantsi.
• Bhala phantsi amalungelo okutsalwa kwetyala ngokufanelekileyo, kwaye qinisekisa ukuma kokwamkela iidiphozithi kumlawuli.
• Chazela abaqinisekisi ngokuthe ngqo nangokubhaliweyo ukuba yintoni esemngciphekweni.
• Ungaze uvumele ukhuselo lwemali luthabathe indawo yovavanyo lokukwazi ukuhlawula.