Inkqubo yokuvunywa

Umjikelo wokuvunywa lulandelelwano olucacileyo lophononongo nezigqibo zokugunyazisa apho isicelo kufuneka sidlule khona phambi kokuba siqale ukusebenza. Sichaza ukuba ngubani ophonononga ntoni, ngaluphi ulandelelwano, phantsi kwaziphi iimeko, kwaye kwenzeka ntoni xa umphononongi evuma, esala, okanye ebuyisela isicelo emva ukuze silungiswe.

Ekubolekiseni, owona mzekelo uqhelekileyo ngumjikelo wokuvunywa kwemali-mboleko: isicelo sisuka kwigosa eliye lasifaka, sidlule kwinqanaba elinye okanye ngaphezulu lophononongo, siye kumntu okanye kwikomiti enegunya lokukhulula iimali ngesixa-mali eso. Le ndlela yokusebenza ilawula nezinye izenzo ezingenakubuyiselwa umva — ukukhutshwa kweemali, ukucinywa kwamatyala, ukuxolelwa kweentlawulo, ukuhlengahlengiswa, amangeniso ejenali neembuyekezo.

Uphawu oluphambili lomjikelo wokuvunywa kukuba umntu oqalisa isenzo akanguye umntu osigunyazisayo. Olo lwahlulo lulawulo. Yonke enye into — imithetho yokuhanjiswa kwesicelo, imiqobo, izibali-xesha zokunyusela — ikhona ukuze olu lwahlulo lusebenze ngokubanzi.

Kutheni imijikelo yokuvunywa ibalulekile

Ukuthintela ubuqhophololo. Olona lawulo lusebenzayo kakhulu ekuthinteleni ubuqhophololo lwangaphakathi kukuba akukho namnye umntu onokuyidala aze ayivume intengiselwano ehambisa ixabiso. Umboleki-mali ongeyonyani, ukukhutshwa kwemali okukhukhumalisiweyo okanye ukucinywa kwetyala okuthe cwaka konke kufuna ukusebenzisana kwabantu abaliqela kunokuba kube ngumntu omnye okhohlakeleyo.

Uqeqesho lwekhredithi. Imida yokuvunywa inyanzelisa ukuvezwa okukhulu ukuya phezulu kubaphononongi abanamava ngakumbi. Ngaphandle kwale mida, imigangatho yekhredithi iyekelela kuye nabani na onethemba elikhulu.

Ukuthotyelwa kwemigaqo. Izikhokelo zokulumkisa kwiindawo ezininzi zolawulo zifuna ukuba igunya lokubolekisa elinikezelweyo libhalwe phantsi, ukuvunywa kwebhodi kwiindawo ezinxulumene nabangaphakathi nokuvezwa okukhulu, nobungqina bokuba ulandelelwano lokuvunywa lwalandelwa ngokwenene kunokuba nje lwabhalwa phantsi.

Ukukwazi ukuphicothwa. Umkhondo wokuvunywa uphendula umbuzo abaphicothi nabaphathi abasoloko bewubuza: ngubani ogunyazise oku, ngesiphi isiseko, kwaye nini.

Isantya, xa siyilwe kakuhle. Umjikelo wokusebenza ovuma ngokuzenzekelayo izicelo ezincinci eziqhelekileyo kwaye unyusa kuphela izinto ezingaqhelekanga uyakhawuleza kunalowo apho umphathi atyikitya yonke into.

Amacandelo angundoqo omjikelo wokuvunywa

Isiqalisi. Isiganeko esiqalisa umjikelo wokusebenza — isicelo esingenisiweyo, ukucinywa kwetyala okucetywayo, intlawulo engaphezu komda efakiweyo.

Iindima, hayi abantu ngabanye. Amanyathelo anikezelwa kwiindima ukuze umjikelo wokusebenza usinde ukutshintsha kwabasebenzi, ikhefu nokutshintshwa kwabasebenzi. Umntu ochongiweyo njengenyathelo lokuvunywa yindawo enye yokusilela.

Imithetho yokuhanjiswa kwesicelo. Iimeko ezimisela indlela. Ezona zixhaphakileyo zisixa-mali, uhlobo lwemveliso, ibakala lomngcipheko womboleki-mali, isebe, ukuba ukuvezwa akunasiqinisekiso, nokuba umboleki-mali liqela elinxulumeneyo.

Imida yokuvunywa. Isixa esiphezulu indima nganye enokusigunyazisa, esikwabizwa ngokuba ligunya lokubolekisa elinikezelweyo okanye imida yokuvunywa.

Ulandelelwano. Nokuba amanyathelo aqhutywa elandelelana, ngaxeshanye, okanye kuphela xa kuhlangatyezwana nemeko ethile.

Iziphumo. Vuma, yala, okanye buyisela ukuze kulungiswe. Ukubuyiselwa kufuneka kuvule isicelo kwakhona ukuze sihlelwe kwaye kuqalise ngokutsha inxalenye echaphazelekayo yekhonkco, hayi ukuvunywa ngokuthuleyo.

Ukunyuselwa kwelinye inqanaba kunye nemida yexesha. Kwenzeka ntoni xa inyathelo lihleli lingakhange lichukunyiswe. Iinketho zibandakanya izikhumbuzo, ukunyuselwa ngokuzenzekelayo ukuya kwinqanaba elilandelayo, okanye ukudluliselwa kummeli.

Umkhondo wophicotho. Ingxelo engenakuguqulwa yesenzo ngasinye: umenzi, indima, istampu yexesha, isigqibo, izimvo, kunye nenguqulelo yesicelo ngethuba lesigqibo.

Izigaba zenkqubo yokuvunywa kwemboleko.

1. Ukurekhoda nokungenisa.

Igosa lemali-mboleko lirekhoda isicelo, iinkcukacha zomboleki, imali eceliweyo, injongo, isibambiso esinikiweyo kunye namaxwebhu axhasayo. Ukungenisa kuvala irekhodi ukuba lingaphinde lihlelwe ngumfaki-sicelo.

2. Ukuhlolwa kokuphelela nokufaneleka.

Uvavanyo oluzenzekelayo okanye lukanobhala luqinisekisa iindawo ezifunekayo, isazisi esisemthethweni, ubume be-KYC, kwanokuba iiparamitha zemveliso eziceliweyo zingaphakathi komgaqo-nkqubo. Izicelo ezingaphelelanga ziyabuyiselwa kunokuba zinyuselwe kwelinye inqanaba.

3. Uvavanyo lwetyala.

Ukukwazi ukuhlawula, amandla okubuyisela imali, imbali ye-credit bureau, ukuvezwa okukhoyo kunye, apho kufanelekileyo, ukuma kweqela kuyavavanywa. Nasiphi na isibambiso siyaxabiswa kwaye umlinganiselo wemali-mboleko ngokwexabiso uvavanywa ngokomgaqo-nkqubo.

4. Ukuvunywa kwinqanaba lokuqala.

Ngokuqhelekileyo ngumphathi wesebe okanye isuphavayiza. Ukuba imali iphakathi komda abagunyazisiweyo kwaye akukho mahluko kumgaqo osebenzayo, isigqibo siphela apha.

5. Ukunyuselwa ngenxa yesixa okanye ukwahluka kumgaqo.

Izicelo ezingaphezulu komda wenqanaba lokuqala, okanye ezithwala ukwahluka kumgaqo-nkqubo okufana nereyithi engaphandle koluhlu okanye imfuno eye yarhoxiswa, zinyuselwa phezulu — ukuya kumphathi wetyala, ikomiti yetyala, okanye kwiimeko ezinkulu ibhodi.

6. Ugunyaziso lokugqibela nokukhutshwa kwemali.

Ukuvunywa kugunyazisa ukuzibophelela. Ukukhutshwa kwemali kudla ngokuba lulawulo olwahlukileyo, lukhutshwe kuphela xa isithembiso samkelwe, isibambiso sigqityiwe kwaye amaxwebhu esayiniwe. Ukuthatha ukuvunywa nokukhutshwa kwemali njengenyathelo elinye kususa indawo yolawulo.

7. Ukunikezelwa kwisevisi yemboleko.

Imiqathango evunyiweyo iba yirekhodi yokungeniswa kwisevisi yemboleko. Nantoni na evunyiweyo kodwa ingadluliselwanga ngokuchanekileyo yimpazamo yesevisi elindele ukwenzeka.

Iindlela zokusebenza ezilandelelanayo, ezinxuseneyo nezinemiqathango.

• Elandelelanayo: Umvunyisi ngamnye wenza ngokulandelelana; olandelayo uyaziswa kuphela emva kokuba owangaphambili ethathe isigqibo. Ilungele kakhulu: Izigqibo zetyala apho inqanaba ngalinye lakhela phezu kwelidlulileyo.
• Okunxuseneyo: Abavunyisi abaliqela bahlola ngaxeshanye. Ilungele kakhulu: Uhlolo oluzimeleyo olufana nolwezomthetho nolwetyala, apho enye ingaxhomekekanga kwenye.
• Okunemiqathango: Isebe lekhonkco lisebenza kuphela xa umgaqo ufezekisiwe. Ilungele kakhulu: Ukuphathwa kweemeko ezingaqhelekanga, ukubolekisa kwabantu abasondeleyo, ukuvezwa okukhulu okanye okungakhuselwanga.
• Ngamxhelo-mnye: Bonke abavumeli ababelweyo kufuneka bavume. Ilungele kakhulu: Izigqibo zekomiti ezingenamnikazi omnye.
• Ikhoram: Iqela elithile elimiselweyo kufuneka livume. Ilungele kakhulu: Iikomiti ekufuneka zisebenze xa amalungu engekho.

Uninzi lweenkqubo zokubolekisa zokwenene zidibanisa ezi: ukulandelelana ngokungagqibekanga, ukusebenza ngemiqathango xa kugqithwa umda othile, nokusekelwe kwikhoram kwinqanaba lekomiti.

Imida yokuvunywa negunya elinikezelweyo

Igunya lokubolekisa elinikezelweyo yishedyuli echaza ukuba ingakanani imali indima nganye enokuyivuma. Umzekelo olula:

• Igosa lemali-mboleko: Akukho (uyacebisa kuphela) kuzo zombini, ezingakhuselwanga kwaye ezikhuselweyo iimali-mboleko. Kudluliselwa kumphathi wesebe.
• Umphathi wesebe: Iimali-mboleko ezincinci zomntu ngamnye (ezingakhuselwanga); iimali-mboleko ezikhuselweyo eziphakathi. Kudluliselwa kumphathi wekhredithi.
• Umphathi wekhredithi: Ukuvezwa okuphakathi (okungakhuselwanga); ukuvezwa okukhulu okukhuselweyo. Kudluliselwa kwikomiti yekhredithi.
• Ikomiti yekhredithi: Ukuvezwa okukhulu kuzo zombini ukubolekisa okungakhuselwanga nokukhuselweyo. Kudluliselwa kwibhodi.
• Ibhodi: Ukwaphulwa kwemida yabangaphakathi, yabantu abasondeleyo, kunye neyomntu omnye onetyala.

Imithetho-siseko emithathu ilawula ishedyuli yemida efanelekileyo. Imida ibekwa ngokujonga ukuvezwa okupheleleyo kumboleki, hayi imali-mboleko eyedwa, ukuze umboleki angabi nako ukugcinwa ngaphantsi komda ngokwahlula isicelo esinye sibe zizicelo ezininzi. Imida phantsi kukubolekisa okungakhuselwanga kunokubolekisa okukhuselweyo. Kwaye ukuvezwa kwabantu abasondeleyo nabangaphakathi kudluliselwa phezulu nokuba ingakanani imali, kuba umngcipheko kukungqubana kwemidla kunokuba bubungakanani.

Umenzi-umhloli nokwahlukaniswa kwemisebenzi

Umenzi-umhloli, ekwabizwa ngokuba ngumgaqo wamehlo amane, ifuna umntu wesibini ukuba aqinisekise intengiselwano ngaphambi kokuba igqitywe. Yeyona ndlela incinci yokuvunywa esebenzayo: inyathelo elinye, abantu ababini.

Ukwahlukaniswa kwemisebenzi ngumgaqo obanzi wokuba akukho ndima inye ifanele ilawule ngaphezu kwesinye kwezi: ukuqalisa intengiselwano, ukuyigunyazisa, ukuyirekhoda, nokugcina i-asethi enxulumene nayo. Kwishishini lokubolekisa oku kuthetha ukuba igosa elisungula imali-mboleko akufuneki likhuphe imali ebolekiweyo, kwaye umntu obhala ukucinywa kwetyala akufuneki abe nguye oyivumayo.

Amaziko amancinci ahlala esokola apha kuba umntu omnye ngenene ubambe iindima ezininzi. Izilawuli eziqhelekileyo ezihlawulelayo kukungunyaziswa okuphindiweyo okunyanzelekileyo kwi- ikheshi nokukhutshwa kweemali, ukuphononongwa okuzimeleyo ngamaxesha athile kwezinto ezingaqhelekanga, ikhefu elinyanzelekileyo, kunye nokujikeleziswa kwamagosa kuwo onke amasebe okanye iipotfoliyo.

Iindlela zokusebenza zokuvunywa ezingaphaya kwezigqibo zokubolekisa

Le ndlela inye ikhusela nasiphi na isenzo esingenakubuyiselwa umva okanye esihambisa ixabiso:

• Ukukhutshwa kweemali — ukukhulula iimali emva kokuvunywa
• Ukucinywa kwamatyala — ukususa i-asethi engasebenziyo ezincwadini
• Ukuxolelwa kweentlawulo nezohlwayo — indlela eqhelekileyo yobuqhophololo obufihliweyo xa kungalawuleki
• Ukulungiswa ngokutsha nokucwangciswa ngokutsha — nto leyo enokufihla amatyala asalelweyo ukuba ivunywa ligosa elinye elinepotfoliyo exhamlayo
• Amangeno ejenali kunye nohlengahlengiso — ngakumbi amangeno enziwa ngesandla achaphazela ingeniso okanye izibonelelo
• Iimbuyekezo kunye nokukhululwa kweentlawulo ezigqithisileyo
• Ukufikelela komsebenzisi kunye notshintsho lweendima — indlela yokusebenza ekhusela zonke ezinye
• Utshintsho lwezinga lenzala okanye iiparamitha zemveliso

Iindlela zokusebenza zokuvunywa kwi-microfinance

Amaziko anikezela i-microfinance ajongana noxinzelelo oluthile loyilo:

Ubuninzi ngokuchasene nokuphononongwa. Amawaka eemali-mboleko ezincinci akakwazi ngamnye ukufumana ingqalelo yekomiti. Impendulo esebenzayo kukuvunywa okuzenzekelayo okuphantsi okanye ibhendi yomvunywa omnye kwiimali-mboleko ezincinci eziqhelekileyo, apho ukunyuselwa kugcinelwe ubungakanani, izinto ezingaqhelekanga kunye nokulungiswa ngokutsha okuphindaphindiweyo.

Ukuqaliswa okusekwe ebaleni. Amagosa athatha izicelo kude nesebe. Iindlela zokusebenza kufuneka zisebenze kwizixhobo eziphathwayo kwaye zinyamezele uqhagamshelo oluphazamisekayo, zibeke izicelo emgceni de zivumelane.

Ukubolekisa ngamaqela. Ukuvunywa kungasebenza kumanqanaba amabini: iqela liyawaqinisekisa kwaye liyawavuma amalungu, kwaye iziko liyawuvuma umda weqela kunye nolwabiwo lomntu ngamnye phakathi kwalo.

Iziseko zamasebe amaninzi. Ukuhanjiswa kufuneka kuhloniphe imida yamasebe ukuze umphathi avume kuphela ipotfoliyo yakhe, ngelixa iindima zengingqi ne-ofisi enkulu zigcina ukongamela kuwo onke amasebe.

Ulindelo lwexesha lokugqiba. Ababoleki bahlala bekhetha ababolekisi ngesantya. Izibali-xesha zokunyusela kunye nokwabelwa komntu obambeleyo ngexesha lekhefu kubaluleke ngokufanayo nolawulo ngokwalo.

Iintsilelo eziqhelekileyo

• Ukutyikitya ngaphandle kokuphonononga. Abavumyi abangenaxesha okanye abangenalwazi bavuma yonke into. Indlela yokusebenza ikhona kodwa ulawulo alukho.
• Imida ibekwe phantsi kakhulu. Yonke into inyuselwa phezulu, incopho yolawulo lwemigangatho iba ngumqobo, kwaye iimvume ziqokelelwa zivunywa ngaphandle kokuphononongwa.
• Abantu abachongiweyo njengamanyathelo. Inkqubo yokusebenza iyema nanini na xa loo mntu esekhefini.
• Akukho ukubuyisela-ukulungiswa indlela. Abavumayo bayala ngqo okanye bavume izicelo ezineziphene kuba ekuphela kwendlela kukuqala ngokutsha.
• Ukwahlulahlula ukuze uphephe imida. Imida ihlolwa ngokwemboleko nganye endaweni yomboleki ngamnye ikhuthaza ukucwangciswa ngobuqhinga.
• Ukuvunywa nokukhutshwa kwemali kudityanisiwe. Kususa ukuhlolwa kokuba izibambiso namaxwebhu akhona phambi kokuba imali ihambe.
• Iyalungiseka emva kokuvunywa. Ukuba imiqathango ingatshintsha emva kokuvunywa ngaphandle kokuphinda kuqaliswe inkqubo yokusebenza, irekhodi yokuvunywa ayinantsingiselo.
• Umkhondo wophicotho obuthathaka. Ukurekhoda kuphela isigqibo sokugqibela, hayi inyathelo ngalinye, kushiya kungekho bungqina bokuba ulawulo lwemigangatho lulandelwe.

Imibuzo ebuzwa rhoqo

Yintoni umahluko phakathi kwenkqubo yokusebenza yokuvunywa kunye nolawulo lwemigangatho yokuvunywa? Ulawulo lwemigangatho lulwakhiwo oluhleliweyo lweendima nemida yazo. Inkqubo yokusebenza yinkqubo eqhuba isicelo esithile ngolo lwakhiwo, kuquka iimeko, ukunyuselwa phezulu kunye neziphumo.

Ixesha elingakanani iirekhodi zokuvunywa ezifanele ukugcinwa? Ubuncinane ngexesha elimiselwe ngumthetho lokugcinwa kweerekhodi elisebenza kwintengiselwano esisiseko, elithi kwiindawo ezininzi zolawulo lithathe iminyaka eliqela emva kokuvalwa kweakhawunti.