ROSCA

I-ROSCA — umbutho ojikelezayo wokonga nemboleko-mali — liqela labantu apho ngamnye afaka isixa esimiselweyo rhoqo kwimbiza ehlangeneyo, ethi inikwe iphela ilungu elinye kumjikelo ngamnye de onke amalungu ayifumane kube kanye. Ayidingi bhanki, ayidingi nkunzi yangaphandle, kwaye ayinanzala. Yaziwa ekuhlaleni ngokuthi chilimba, chama, stokvel, susu, tanda namanye amagama amaninzi.

Iingongoma eziphambili

• I-ROSCA ngumjikelo ovaliweyo wokonga nemboleko-mali: iminikelo iyangena, imbiza iphela iyaphuma, ilungu elinye kumjikelo ngamnye, de umjikelezo uphele kwaye wonke umntu abe nethuba lakhe.
• Akukho mali igcinwa liqela kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo akukho nzala ihlawuliswayo — i-ROSCA isebenza njengomlamli phakathi kwamalungu kunokuba ibaboleke.
• Amalungu afumana kwangoko aboleka; amalungu afumana kamva ayonga. Indawo kumjikelezo yiyona nto kuphela enexabiso eyabelwayo.
• I-ROSCA ayifani ne-ASCA okanye umbutho welali wokonga nemboleko-mali (VSLA), apho iimali ziqokelelwa, zibolekwa ngenzala, kwaye zabiwa ekupheleni komjikelezo.
• Ukuziphatha kuxhomekeke kwisibambiso sentlalo, hayi ekunyanzelisweni ngumthetho, nto leyo iyeyona nto iyomeleza le ndlela kwaye ikwayingozi yayo ephambili.

Yintoni i-ROSCA?

Umbutho ojikelezayo wokonga nemboleko-mali luhlobo oludala nolona luxhaphakileyo lwezezimali zamaqela ehlabathini. Ubume bayo buncinci ngabom: inani elimiselweyo lamalungu, igalelo elimiselweyo, ixesha elimiselweyo, kunye nendlela emiselweyo yokuhlawula. Nje ukuba ezi paramitha zone kuvunyelwene ngazo, icwangciso liyazihambela.

Ingcali yezoqoqosho uF. J. A. Bouman wachaza ii-ROSCA njenge-bhanki yabantu abahluphekileyo, apho imali ayinakuze ihlale ingasebenzi kodwa ihamba ngokukhawuleza phakathi kwezandla, isetyenziselwa iimfuno zokusetyenzisa kunye nezemveliso. Oku kubonisa uyilo olungundoqo: i-ROSCA ayigcini mali. Nokuba yintoni engenayo ngosuku oluthile iphuma kwangaloo mini.

Ubulungu budla ngokusekwe kuluntu esele lukhona — oogxa emsebenzini, abarhwebi emarikeni, abafazi ebumelwaneni, amalungu ebandla, okanye intsapho eyandisiweyo. Obu budlelwane obusele bukhona bubangela ukuba eli lungiselelo lisebenze, kuba ngokuqhelekileyo akukho sivumelwano, akukho sibambiso kwaye akukho kubhenela enkundleni.

Isebenza njani i-ROSCA

Indlela yokusebenza iqondwa ngcono ngomzekelo.

Amalungu alishumi avumelana ukufaka 500 nyanga ngamnye iinyanga ezilishumi. Nyanga ngamnye iqela liqokelela 5,000 kwaye linike elinye ilungu yonke loo mali. Ngenyanga yeshumi, ilungu ngalinye lihlawule 5,000 kwaye lafumana 5,000. Umjikelo uyaphela emva koko, kwaye iqela lidla ngokubunjwa kwakhona ukwenzela omnye umjikelo.

Khangela ke ukuba kwenzeke ntoni kanye kumalungu amabini kuwo:

• Ilungu elifumene kwinyanga yoku-1 lahlawula i-500 laza lahamba ne-5,000. Emva koko lahlawula i-500 ngenyanga kwiinyanga ezilithoba ezilandelayo. Ngokwenyani, lathatha imali-mboleko engenanzala ye-4,500 laza layibuyisela ngezavenge ezisithoba.
• Ilungu elifumene kwinyanga ye-10 lahlawula i-500 inyanga nenyanga kwiinyanga ezilishumi laza lafumana i-5,000 ekupheleni. Ngokwenyani, lasebenzisa i-akhawunti yokonga engenanzala.

Onke amanye amalungu ahlala kwinqanaba elithile phakathi kwezi zikhundla zimbini. Olu luphawu lwezoqoqosho oluyintloko lwe-ROSCA: imbiza ihlala ilingana ngobukhulu, ngoko ke ekuphela kwento eyabelwayo kukuhlelwa kwamaxesha. Izikhundla zangaphambili zinexabiso elingaphezulu kunezokugqibela, kwaye indlela iqela eliyisebenzisayo ukuzabela izikhundla yiyona eyahlula uhlobo olunye lwe-ROSCA kolunye.

Isigama esiqhelekileyo

• Umjikelo: Ujikelezo olunye olupheleleyo apho ilungu ngalinye lifumana imbiza kube kanye.
• Imbiza / ikhithi / isandla: Isixa esipheleleyo esiqokelelwa kumjikelo size sihlawulwe kwilungu elinye.
• Umjikelo / ithuba: Isiganeko esinye sokuqokelela nokuhlawula.
• Igalelo: Isixa esimiselweyo elihlawulwa lilungu ngalinye kumjikelo ngamnye.
• Ulandelelwano: Ulandelelwano amalungu afumana ngalo imbiza.
• Umququzeleli / umgcini-mali: Ilungu eliqokelelayo, eligcina iirekhodi, nelihlawulayo, apho iqela linaye.

Iindidi ze-ROSCA

I-ROSCA engahleliweyo okanye yelotho. Umamkeli ukhethwa ngeqashiso kumjikelo ngamnye, abo sele befumene bekhutshelwa ngaphandle. Akukho mntu waziyo kwangaphambili ukuba uza kuwela phi, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ilungiselelo libe nobulungisa ngaphambi kwesiphumo nangona iziphumo zisahluka emva koko.

I-ROSCA yolandelelwano olumiselweyo. Ulandelelwano luyavunyelwana ekuqaleni, ngokufuthi ngokobudala, ngesidingo, ngothethathethwano, okanye ngolandelelwano amalungu angena ngalo. Amalungu amatsha adla ngokungena ekupheleni komjikelo.

I-ROSCA yokubhida okanye yefandesi. Amalungu abhida ngelungelo lokuthatha imbiza kwangoko, ngokuqhelekileyo ngokuvuma ukwamkela isaphulelo kuyo. Isaphulelo sabelwa phakathi kwamalungu aseleyo. Oku kuguqula inzala efihlakeleyo efakwe kwisikhundla ibe lixabiso elicacileyo, elimiselwa yimarike — kwaye yindlela eyenza ukuba ii-ROSCA zokubhida zisebenze ngokufana kakhulu nemarike yetyala yokwenyani kuneklabhu yokonga.

I-ROSCA yempahla. Amagalelo enziwa ngekheshi kodwa intlawulo yenziwa ngeempahla — ukutya, izinto zokwakha, amagalelo okulima, izinto zasekhaya — ezihlala zithengwa ngobuninzi ngesaphulelo. Ezi zixhaphakile njengezikimu zokuphela konyaka okanye zamaxesha onyaka kwaye zinciphisa umngcipheko wokuba intlawulo enkulu yekheshi ichithakale.

I-ROSCA yedijithali. Amaqonga asekelwe kwi-app nakwimali yeselula azenzekelayo ukuqokelela, ukucwangcisa, ukugcinwa kweerekhodi nokuhlawula, nto leyo eyandisa le modeli ngaphaya kwamaqela anokudibana ngokwasemzimbeni.

ROSCA vs ASCA vs VSLA

Lo ngumahluko odla ngokudityaniswa, kwaye ubalulekile — ezi zakhiwo zimbini zineebhalansi-tshekhi ezahluke ngokupheleleleyo.

• Imali egcinwe liqela: Akukho kwi-ROSCA (ihlawulwa ngoko nangoko) xa kuthelekiswa nokuqokelelwa kwingxowa-mali yokubolekisa ye-ASCA / VSLA.
• Ofumanayo: Ilungu elinye kumjikelo ngamnye ngokujikelezayo ngokuchasene namalungu afaka izicelo aze afanelekele ukuboleka.
• Inzala: Ngokuqhelekileyo akukho nzala kwi-ROSCA ngokuchasene nokuhlawuliswa kwenzala kwiimali-mboleko zamalungu kwi-ASCA / VSLA.
• Isixa esifunyenweyo: Simiselwe kwaye siyalingana kuwo onke amalungu ngokuchasene nokulinganiswa ngokwesicelo nokukwazi komntu ngamnye.
• Imbuyekezo kubagcini-mali: Akukho kwi-ROSCA ngokuchasene nesabelo esilinganayo sengeniso yenzala ekwabiweni kwenzuzo.
• Umthwalo wokugcinwa kweerekhodi: Kuncinci ngokuchasene nokuninzi (iibhalansi, inzala, imiqathango yokuboleka).
• Ukuphela komjikelo: Uphela xa wonke umntu sele efumene isambuku kube kanye ngokuchasene nengxowa-mali kunye nengeniso eyabiweyo ngokomlinganiselo.
• Ulawulo: Lungekho sikweni, ngokufuthi lungenamagosa ngokuchasene nokumiselwa ngokusesikweni kunye namagosa neeleja.

Umbutho wokonga nokubolekisa imali (ASCA) ugcina kwaye ubolekisa iimali zawo; umbutho wokonga nokubolekisa imali waselalini (VSLA) luhlobo olucwangcisiweyo, oluqhutywa yindlela ethile, lwe-ASCA olukhuthazwa yimibutho yophuhliso, ngokuqhelekileyo lunebhokisi etshixwayo, umgaqo-siseko obhaliweyo, ingxowa-mali yentlalontle kunye nokwabiwa kwenzuzo ngonyaka. Amaqela amaninzi asebenzisa zombini ezi modeli ngaxeshanye, kwaye kwezinye iimarike igama lasekuhlaleni lizibandakanya zombini — eKenya igama elithi chama, umzekelo, lisetyenziswa kumaqela ajikelezayo, amaqela aqokelelayo kunye neeklabhu zotyalo-mali qha ngokufanayo.

ROSCA vs amaziko emali asesikweni

• Ubume ngokomthetho: Ngokuqhelekileyo ayibhaliswanga ngokuchasene nokubhaliswa, kwaye, kwabo bamkela iidiphozithi, banelayisensi.
• Unyanzeliso: Uxinzelelo lwentlalo nodumo ngokuchasene nekhontrakthi, isibambiso, iinkundla, kunye namaziko ekhredithi.
• Iindleko: Phantse zero xa kuthelekiswa neentlawulo zenzala kunye neentlawulo zenkonzo.
• Imbuyekezo yokonga: Akukho nto xa kuthelekiswa nenzala okanye izabelo.
• Ubhetyebhetye besixa: Iminikelo emiselweyo nelinganayo xa kuthelekiswa nokulinganiswa ngokwesidingo nesakhono somntu ngamnye.
• Ukufumaneka kwemali: Ifumaneka kuphela xa kufika ithuba lakho xa kuthelekiswa nokufunyanwa nangoko okanye emva kokuvunywa kwemali-mboleko.
• Ukhuseleko: Akukho nto xa kuthelekiswa nokonganyelwa ngobunono kunye neziqinisekiso zediphozithi apho zikhoyo.
• Ukugcinwa kweerekhodi: Ngokufuthi kungokungekho sikweni okanye ngomlomo xa kuthelekiswa neerekhodi ezinokuphicothwa nezinokuxelwa kwiziko letyala.

Kutheni ii-ROSCAs zisebenza

Zisisixhobo sokuzibophelela. Ukonga wedwa kufuna ukumelana nesilingo sokusebenzisa imali. Ukonga kwi-ROSCA kwenza uxanduva lube lwasekuhlaleni — ukusilela ukufaka umnikelo kuthetha ukudanisa abantu oza kuphinda ubabone. Uphando ngokuthatha inxaxheba kwi-ROSCA lugxininise lo msebenzi, kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwawo ngabasetyhini ukukhusela imali ebekelwe bucala kumabango angaphakathi ekhaya.

Zisombulula ingxaki yokungahlukaniseki. Izinto ezininzi eziluncedo — umatshini wokuthunga, iifizi zesikolo, uphahla, isitokhwe sevenkile — azinakuthengwa ngezavenge. Ukonga kancinci ukuze ufumane isixa-mali esikhulu kuyacotha kwaye kubuthathaka; i-ROSCA inikezela isixa-mali esikhulu kumntu othile kumjikelo ngamnye. Ngokomyinge, ilungu ngalinye lifikelela kwithagethi yalo ngokukhawuleza kunokuba belinokwenza lisonga lodwa.

Isibambiso sentlalo sithatha indawo yesibambiso esiphathekayo. Amalungu aboleka abantu kuba enokujonga ngokuthe ngqo udumo lwabo, amakhaya abo neendlela zokuphila. Ukuhlola, ukubeka iliso nokunyanzelisa — ezi ziindleko ezintathu ezenza ukubolekisa ngezixa ezincinci kubize kumaziko asesikweni — zithwalwa phantse simahla luthungelwano lwentlalo.

Akukho marji yokulamla. Akukho basebenzi, zakhiwo, ntlawulo yenkunzi okanye iindleko zokuxhasa ngemali ezimi phakathi komgcini-mali nomboleki, ngoko ke eli lungiselelo liphantse lingabi nazindleko ngokwemali.

Zilula. I-ROSCA inokuchazwa ngesivakalisi esinye kwaye ilawulwe ngaphandle kolwazi lokufunda nokubhala okanye ulwazi lokubala olungaphaya kokubala nje. Oku akuloncedo olungenamsebenzi kwiimarike apho kusisithintelo esibalulekileyo ekwamkelweni kweemveliso ezisesikweni.

Imingcipheko kunye neentsilelo

Ukusilela ukuhlawula emva kokufumana. Ubuthathaka besakhiwo bucacile: ilungu elithe lafumana isixa kwangoko linomdla omkhulu wokuyeka ukufaka iminikelo. Amaqela alawula oku ngokukhetha amalungu ngononophelo, ngokubeka amalungu athembekileyo kwangoko, ngokufuna abaqinisekisi, nangeendleko zodumo ngenxa yokusilela ukuhlawula phakathi koluntu olusondeleyo — kodwa ubungozi bukhona kwaye bukhula ngobukhulu beqela nangomgama wentlalo.

Akukho mbuyekezo ekongeni. Abo bafumana emva kwexesha babolekisa ngaphandle kwenzala kwabo bafumana kwangoko kwaye abafumani nto. Apho ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kukhulu, ilungu elifumana kwinyanga yeshumi elinesibini lifumana amandla okuthenga angaphantsi ngokubonakalayo kunoko lalifake.

Akukho kuguquguquka. Umnikelo awuguquki nokuba zithini iimeko zelungu kuloo nyanga, kwaye iimali azifikeleleki ngaphandle kokuba kufike ithuba lakho. I-ROSCA ayinako ukusabela kwingxamiseko ethe yaphuma kulandelelwano.

Izixa-mali ezimiselweyo nezikholisa ukungoneli. Ingxowa yemali ilinganiselwe bubungakanani bobulungu obuphindwe ngomnikelo. Iimfuno ezinkulu zemali azinako ukuhlangabezana nazo ngaphandle kokuhlengahlengisa iqela.

Umngcipheko kumququzeleli. Apho umntu omnye eqokelela aze abambe iimali nokuba kungokomzuzwana nje, ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kwemali kuyenzeka. Amacebo amakhulu kwaye aququzelelwe ngokwezorhwebo aye asilela ngale ndlela.

Akukho ndlela yomthetho yokufuna uncedo. Amaqela angabhaliswanga ngokuqhelekileyo akanaso isivumelwano esinyanzeliswayo, akunabango kwii-asethi, kwaye akukho ndlela yokuya enkundleni enokufaneleka ngeendleko zokuyilandela.

Ukudideka neenkqubo zephiramidi. Iinkqubo zobuqhophololo zidla ngokuboleka ulwimi lwe-ROSCA kunye nolwakhiwo lwentlalo ngelixa zihlawula abathathi-nxaxheba bokuqala ngemali evela kwabo bagaywa kamva. Uvavanyo olwahlulayo lucacile: i-ROSCA yokwenyani ine ubulungu obumiselweyo kunye nomjikelo ovaliweyo apho iminikelo iyonke ilingana neentlawulo zizonke, kwaye ayifuni kugaywa kwabanye ukuze isebenze.

Ii-ROSCA kwihlabathi jikelele.

Eli ziko lifumaneka phantse kuyo yonke indawo, kwaye amagama asekuhlaleni adla ngokwaziwa ngcono kunesifinyezo sesiNgesi.

• Zambia: Chilimba
• Kenya neTanzania: Chama, merry-go-round
• UMzantsi Afrika: Stokvel
• Ghana, Nigeria, kunye neNtshona Afrika: Susu, esusu, osusu, adashi
• I-Afrika eNtshona noMbindi ethetha isiFrentshi: Tontine, likelemba
• I-Ethiopia: Equb / ekub
• ISomalia: Hagbad, ayuuto
• I-Egypt: Gam'eya
• I-Indiya: Chit fund, committee, visi
• IPakistan: Kameti
• I-Indonesia: Arisan
• IFilipines: Paluwagan
• UMzantsi Korea: Gye
• I-China kunye ne-diaspora yamaTshayina: Hui
• IMexico kunye neLatin America: Tanda, cundina
• ICaribbean: Partner, pardna, box-hand

Ezinye zezi zenziwe ngokusesikweni. I-Indiya ilawula i-chit funds ngomthetho, ineemfuno zobhaliso, idiphozithi kunye nolawulo. South African iistokveli zisebenza phantsi kokukhululwa okuthile ngaphakathi kwisakhelo sebhanki. Uninzi lwemimandla yolawulo, nangona kunjalo, lushiya ii-ROSCAs ngaphandle ngokupheleleyo kulawulo lwezezimali, luziphatha njengezivumelwano zabucala phakathi kwabantu.

Kutheni ii-ROSCAs zibalulekile ngaphaya kwecandelo elingekho sikweni

Uphando lwesizwe lokubandakanywa kwezezimali luhlala lufumanisa ukuba amaqela ajikelezayo aphakathi kweendlela zokonga ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiimarike ezisaphuhlayo — ngokufuthi afikelela abantu abadala abaninzi kunokuba iimveliso zokonga ezisesikweni zenza. Uphando lweFinScope lwaseZambia, ngokomzekelo, luchaza i-chilimba ngokucacileyo njengeqela elenza iminikelo emiselweyo ethe rhoqo ehlawulwa kwilungu ngalinye ngokulandelelana okumiselwe kwangaphambili, kwaye luyilandelela njengodidi olwahlukileyo lwendlela yokuziphatha kwezezimali.

Kubabolekisi abasesikweni nabaqulunqi bemigaqo-nkqubo, oku kuneempembelelo ezintathu. Ukuthatha inxaxheba kwi-ROSCA bubungqina bokuziphatha ekuhlawuleni kubantu abangenayo ifayile yetyala. Iindlela zokubolekisa ngamaqela kwi-microfinance zitsala ngqo kwi-ROSCA ekusebenziseni isibambiso sentlalo noxanduva ngokudibeneyo. Kwaye ikhaya elithe gqolo lifaka isixa esimiselweyo nyanga zonke sele libonakalisile ukukwazi, nto leyo uvavanyo lokukwazi ukuhlawula luzama ukuyiseka.