Uxanduva oludibeneyo

Uxanduva oluhlanganyelweyo lulungiselelo apho ababoleki ababini nangaphezulu ngamnye kubo unoxanduva lwetyala ngokupheleleyo, kunokuba abe noxanduva lwesabelo sakhe kuphela. Ukuba omnye umboleki usilela ukuhlawula, umbolekisi unokujonga kwabanye ukuba bavale isithuba esileleyo. Kwindlela yokubolekiswa kweqela yindlela ethatha indawo yokuphendula eluntwini ngesibambiso esibonakalayo, nto leyo evumela iimali-mboleko kubaboleki abangenazo ii-asethi zokubambisa.

Iingongoma eziphambili

• Phantsi koxanduva oluhlanganyelweyo, ukusilela ukuhlawula kwelungu elinye kuba yingxaki kuwo onke amalungu — hayi kumbolekisi kuphela.
• Ithatha indawo yesibambiso ngesibambiso sentlalo: ukuhlolwa koontanga, ukubekwa esweni koontanga nokunyanzeliswa koontanga.
• Uxanduva oluhlanganyelweyo luphawu olubalulekileyo lokubolekiswa kweqela lwakudala, eyona nto yaziwa kakhulu liqela lobumbano lamalungu amahlanu yimodeli.
• Uxanduva oluhlanganyelweyo nolwahlukileyo luhlobo lwesivumelwano olunamandla nolusetyenziswa kakhulu: umbolekisi unokusukela nawuphi na umboleki omnye ngesixa-mali esipheleleyo.
• Ubungqina obuvela kwiimvavanyo ezingacwangciswanga lubonisa ukuba iintlanganiso zeqela neenkuthazo eziguqukayo zenza umsebenzi omninzi obalelwa kuxanduva oluhlanganyelweyo, kwaye ababolekisi abaninzi baye baguqukela kuxanduva lomntu ngamnye kwiinkqubo zamaqela.

Yintoni uxanduva oluhlanganyelweyo?

Uxanduva oluhlanganyelweyo luthetha uxanduva lwezomthetho ekwabelwana ngalo ngesibophelelo esinye. Xa kusetyenziswa kumatyala, kuthetha ukuba umbolekisi akunyanzelekanga ukuba abone ukuba leliphi ilungu leqela elibangele isithuba esileleyo; angalibeka iqela liphela — okanye kuhlobo olunamandla, nawuphi na umntu kulo — ukuba liphendule ngesixa-mali esiseleyo ngokupheleleyo.

Injongo kukusombulula ingxaki ethile. Umbolekisi ohlola umboleki omncinci ongenazo iirekhodi zezimali, ongenambali yetyala kwaye engenazo ii-asethi zokubambisa ujongana neendleko ezintathu ezenza ukuba imali-mboleko ingabi nenzuzo: ukufumanisa ukuba umboleki ufanele ukuboleka (ukuhlolwa), ukuqinisekisa ukuba imali isetyenziswa kwaye ishishini liqhutywa ngendlela eyiyo (ukubekwa esweni), nokunyanzelisa ukuhlawula xa umboleki enokuhlawula kodwa ekhetha ukungahlawuli (ukunyanzeliswa). Kumali-mboleko encinci, ezi ndleko zigqitha nawuphi na umda onokwenzeka.

Uxanduva oluhlanganyelweyo ludlulisela zontathu ezi zinto kubaboleki ngokwabo. Amalungu eqela ayazana iimeko zomnye nomnye, abonana mihla le, kwaye anamandla entlalo igosa lemali-mboleko elingasoze libe nawo. Umbolekisi uhlawula phantse nto kwinkcazelo ebengenakuyithenga nangayiphi na ixabiso.

Uxanduva oluhlanganyelweyo, olwahlukileyo, noluhlanganyelweyo nolwahlukileyo

La magama amathathu asoloko esetyenziswa ngokutshintshana kwaye athetha izinto ezahlukileyo. Umahluko ugqiba ukuba yintoni kanye umbolekisi anokuyenza xa kukho ukusilela ukuhlawula.

• Uxanduva lomntu ngamnye: Umboleki ngamnye unoxanduva kuphela ngesabelo sakhe esichaziweyo. Ilungelo lombolekisi lokubuyekeza: Funa imali kumboleki ngamnye ngesabelo sakhe kuphela.
• Uxanduva oluhlanganyelweyo: Ababoleki banoxanduva kunye ngesibophelelo esinye ekwabelwana ngaso. Ilungelo lombolekisi lokubuyekeza: Funa imali kubaboleki njengeqela; ngokuqhelekileyo bonke kufuneka babandakanywe.
• Uxanduva oluhlanganyelweyo nolomntu ngamnye: Umboleki ngamnye unoxanduva ngesixa sonke, yaye bonke banoxanduva kunye. Ilungelo lombolekisi lokubuyekeza: Funa imali nakuwuphi na umboleki omnye ngesixa esipheleleyo, okanye kubo bonke.

Uxanduva oluhlanganyelweyo nolomntu ngamnye lolo hlobo oludalwa ngamaxwebhu amaninzi okubolekisa, yaye lulona hlobo lubalulekileyo ngokwenene. Luvumela umbolekisi ukuba afumane yonke intsalela kuye nawuphi na umboleki onamandla okuhlawula, nto leyo eshiya loo mboleki efuna igalelo kwabanye. Umboleki otyikitya isibonelelo sokubolekisa esidityanisiweyo nesomntu ngamnye seqela labantu abahlanu akabikho emngciphekweni wesinye kwisihlanu semali-mboleko — usemngciphekweni wayo yonke loo mboleko.

Isiphumo esichanekileyo sasemthethweni siyahluka ngokwemimandla yolawulo, ngakumbi kwimibuzo efana nokuba ukukhulula umboleki omnye kuyabakhulula na abanye, nendlela amalungelo egalelo phakathi kwabantu abanetyala kunye asebenza ngayo. Isivumelwano semali-mboleko kufuneka sichaze esi sikhundla ngokucacileyo kunokuba sithembele kwimithetho ezenzekelayo.

Uxanduva oluhlanganyelweyo ekubolekiseni ngamaqela

Imodeli yakudala ye-microfinance yakha yonke indlela yokusebenza ejikeleze uxanduva oluhlanganyelweyo.

Amaqela azikhethele wona. Ababoleki bazenzela amaqela abo, ngokuqhelekileyo abahlanu, kunokuba babelwe. Oku kwenziwa ngabom: abantu abalwaziyo udumo lwasekuhlaleni abayi kumamkela ilungu abalindele ukuba liza kusilela ukuhlawula, ngoko ke umbolekisi ufumana ukuhlolwa simahla.

Ukukhutshwa kwemali ngezigaba. Kuyilo lokuqala, amalungu amabini afumana iimali-mboleko kuqala, amabini alandelayo, ize inkokeli yeqela ifumane ekugqibeleni — isigaba ngasinye sixhomekeke ekubeni ababoleki bangaphambili bahlawule. Akukho mntu ufumana imali de abantu abaphambi kwakhe bahlawule.

Iintlanganiso ezithe rhoqo. Iintlanganiso zeveki okanye zeeveki ezimbini apho iintlawulo ziqokelelwa esidlangalaleni. Ukuhlawula esidlangalaleni kudala ukuphendula okukhawulezileyo nokubonakalayo kwaye kuguqula ukusilela kwabucala kube kokwentlalo.

Ukuvuselelwa okuxhomekeke kwimibandela. Ukufikelela kwimali-mboleko elandelayo, enkulu kuxhomekeke ekusebenzeni kweqela lonke. Le nkuthazo eguqukayo idla ngokuba namandla ngaphezu kwegatya loxanduva ngokwalo, kuba ibeka ukufikelela kwexesha elizayo kwelungu ngalinye emngciphekweni.

Akukho sibambiso esiphathekayo. Isiqinisekiso esihlanganyelweyo, imali egciniweyo yeqela, nexabiso lokufikelela okuqhubekayo zithatha indawo yesibambiso kwii-asethi.

Amaqela ahlala elungelelaniswa abe ziiyunithi ezinkulu — amaziko okanye imibutho emanyeneyo — nto leyo edala inqanaba lesibini lokuphendulisana ngaphezu kweqela lentsebenziswano.

Kutheni uxanduva oluhlanganyelweyo lusebenza: iindlela ezintathu

Ukuhlolwa ngabalingane kujongana nokukhethwa kakubi. Umbolekisi akanako ukwahlula ababoleki abakhuselekileyo kwababoleki abanomngcipheko. Amalungu eqela ayakwazi. Ngenxa yokuba umboleki okhuselekileyo engafuni ukuthwala uxanduva lomntu onomngcipheko, amaqela athanda ukuzihlula ngokomngcipheko — ababoleki abakhuselekileyo benza amaqela nababoleki abakhuselekileyo. Umbolekisi ugqibela enomngcipheko ocwangciswe ngcono kunokuba uvavanyo lwakhe lwalunokuvelisa.

Ukubeka iliso ngabalingane kujongana nomngcipheko wokuziphatha. Emva kokukhutshwa kwemali, umbolekisi akanako ukubona ukuba ingaba imali iye eshishinini na okanye kwenye indawo. Abamelwane bayakwazi, ngeendleko eziphantse zibe zero. Ilungu eliphambukisa imali liyabonakala kubantu abaza kuthwala ilahleko.

Unyanzeliso ngabalingane lujongana nokungahlawuli ngabom. Umboleki okwaziyo ukubuyisa kodwa akhethe ukungabuyisi, phantsi kokubolekwa komntu ngamnye, ujongana nesiphumo esikude seziko kuphela. Phantsi koxanduva oluhlanganyelweyo ujongana noxinzelelo olukhawulezileyo oluvela kubantu abalahlekelwa yimali yabo, nabo axhomekeke kubudlelwane bakhe nabo.

Zizonke ezi zinto ziguqula umboleki ongenakubolekwa yibhanki abe ngumboleki onokusebenza — hayi ngokumenza abe nomngcipheko omncinci, kodwa ngokudlulisela iindleko zokulawula loo mngcipheko kubantu abanokuthwala ngexabiso eliphantsi.

Iindleko zoxanduva oluhlanganyelweyo

Le ndlela ayisiyonto yasimahla, kwaye iindleko zayo ziwela kubaboleki kunokuba ziwela kumbolekisi.

Ukosuleleka kunye nokungahlawuli okulandelanayo. Unxibelelwano olufanayo olusasaza ukuphendulisana lusasaza noxinzelelo. Umothuko wendawo — isivuno esibi, ukuvalwa kwemarike, ukugula kwikhaya elinye — unokuhamba ngokulandelelana, kuba amalungu athwala ngenxa yomntu ongahlawuliyo anciphisa amandla awo aze ekugqibeleni nawo angahlawuli. Uxanduva oluhlanganyelweyo luhlobanisa umngcipheko phakathi kweqela kanye apho imingcipheko esisiseko sele inxibelelene.

Ukukhutshelwa ngaphandle kwabangathandi umngcipheko nabaphumeleleyo. Ababoleki ababenokuba ngabathengi abalungileyo ngokwaneleyo xa bebodwa bahlala besala uxanduva oluhlanganyelweyo, kuba abafuni ukuchanabeka kumashishini abanye abantu. Amaqela nawo athanda ukubakhuphela ngaphandle abona bafaki-zicelo bahlwempuzekileyo — kanye abo baboleki le modeli yenzelwe ukubanceda — kuba akukho mntu ufuna uxanduva lwabo.

Uxinzelelo kubutyebi bezentlalo. Ukunyanzelisa phakathi kwabamelwane kunokuba yingcinezelo. Ukuhlaziswa esidlangalaleni, ukuthathwa kwezinto zekhaya, kunye nomonakalo ongapheliyo kubudlelwane bosapho noluntu ziziphumo ezirekhodiweyo. Umbolekisi udlulisela iindleko zokuqokelela kubudlelwane angabuboniyo kwaye angabuthwalanga.

Ityelenqe. Ukuhlola nokubeka iliso kusebenza kuphela xa iimfuno zamalungu zahlukile omnye komnye. Iqela eligqiba ngokuhlangeneyo ukungahlawuli lijika ubumbano lwentlalo olufanayo lujongane nombolekisi.

Ukungaguquguquki. Ubungakanani bemboleko obufanayo kunye nemijikelo ehambelanayo ziyimfuneko kulawulo kwiimodeli zamaqela kodwa azihambelani kakuhle nababoleki abamashishini abo akhula ngamazinga ahlukeneyo. Amalungu aphumelelayo ayalikhula iqela aze alishiye, nto leyo elenza libe buthathaka.

Ngaba uxanduva oluhlanganyelweyo luyabangela ukubuyiswa kwemali ngokwenene?

Lo ngowona mbuzo usavulekileyo unemiphumo ebalulekileyo kule nkalo, kwaye ubungqina bunobunzima obungakumbi kunokuba udumo lwale modeli lubonisa.

Ulingo olungahleliweyo ePhilippines lwaguqula amaziko akhoyo okubolekwa ngoxanduva lweqela aye kuxanduva lomntu ngamnye ngelixa kugcinwa iintlanganiso zeveki, ukubuyiswa esidlangalaleni kunye nezikhuthazo eziguqukayo zingaguqukanga. Ukubuyiswa akuzange kwehle, kwaye amasebe aguqulweyo atsala abathengi abatsha abangakumbi. Into ethethwa kukuba umsebenzi omkhulu woluleko wenziwa bubume — iintlanganiso ezithe rhoqo, ukuphendulisana esidlangalaleni, isithembiso semboleko enkulu ephindwayo — kunokuba yenziwe ligatya loxanduva ngokuthe ngqo.

Olunye ulingo oluthelekisa uxanduva lweqela noxanduva lomntu ngamnye ukususela ekuqaleni lufumene iziphumo kutyalo-mali lweshishini nakwiziphumo, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba ubume beqela abuyonto nje yokuhombisa. Isishwankathelo esinengqiqo kukuba uxanduva oluhlanganyelweyo lusesinye isixhobo phakathi kweziliqela, ukuba igalelo lalo elongezelelekileyo ngaphezu kweentlanganiso zamaqela kunye nezikhuthazo eziguqukayo lincinci kunokuba bekucingelwa kudala, kwaye luthwala iindleko ezikwicala lomboleki umbolekisi angaziboniyo kwiphepha lakhe lokulinganisa.

Le ngqiqo yaxhasa utshintsho olubanzi lweshishini olubheka uxanduva lomntu ngamnye ngaphakathi kwezakhiwo zamaqela — kugcinwa iintlanganiso, ukubuyiswa esidlangalaleni kunye nobungakanani bemboleko obunyukayo ngokwamanqanaba, ngelixa kususwa isiqinisekiso esisemthethweni esinqamlezileyo. Amaziko amakhulu amaninzi emali-mboleko encinci enza olu tshintsho, kwaye amanye agcina uxanduva oluhlanganyelweyo kuphela kubathengi bomjikelo wokuqala okanye abanebhalansi encinci.

Uxanduva oluhlanganyelweyo, iziqinisekiso kunye nokuboleka ngokuhlanganyelweyo

Ezi ndlela zihlala zidityaniswa ngempazamo. Ziyahluka ngokuba ngubani obandakanyekayo kwimali-mboleko, ukuba umbolekisi unokuthatha nyathelo nini, kwaye yintoni ebangela uxanduva.

• Ababoleki ngokudibeneyo nangomntu ngamnye: Abatyali abaphambili kwimali-mboleko abathi ngokuqhelekileyo baxhamle kuyo. Umbolekisi angabanga ngoko nangoko kuye nawuphi na okanye kubo bonke ababoleki ngesixa esipheleleyo.
• Umqinisekisi / umbambisi: Uneembopheleleko zesibini kwaye akaxhamli ngokuthe ngqo kwimali-mboleko. Umbolekisi ubanga xa kukho ukusilela ukuhlawula (ngokufuthi emva kokufuna umboleki ophambili) ukuya kutsho kwisixa esiqinisekisiweyo.
• Umtyikityi ohamba naye: Ngokuqhelekileyo ngumntu ophambili kwesi sibonelelo onokuthi axhamle okanye angaxhamli ngokuthe ngqo. Umbolekisi angabanga ngoko nangoko kumtyikityi ohamba naye ngesixa esipheleleyo.
• Isibambiso sempahla: Lilungelo lokhuseleko endaweni yokuba yimbopheleleko yobutyala bomntu. Umbolekisi ubanga kwimpahla ebambisiweyo xa kukho ukusilela ukuhlawula, kwaye ukubuyiselwa kupheleliselwa kwixabiso lempahla.

Uhlobo oluxubeneyo olufanelekileyo luvela kwiintsebenziswano zokonga nokubolekisa, apho iimali-mboleko zihlala zikhuselwa iziqinisekiso zamanye amalungu, kwaye izabelo neediphozithi zabo baqinisekisi zingabanjwa ukuba umboleki uyasilela. Oku ngokusemthethweni kukuqinisekisa endaweni yokuboleka ngokudibeneyo, kodwa kuvelisa uqoqosho olufanayo kakhulu kunye neendlela zentlalo ezifanayo kakhulu — kuquka ukuthandabuza kwamalungu alungileyo ukuqhubeka eqinisekisa abanye njengoko ukuvezeka kwawo kusanda.

Iimfuno zokusebenza zababolekisi

Uxanduva oludibeneyo lulungile kuphela kangangoko amaxwebhu alo nolawulo lwalo.

• Ulwimi lwesivumelwano olucacileyo. Isivumelwano kufuneka sichaze ukuba uxanduva ludibeneyo nangomntu ngamnye, libize wonke umntu onoxanduva, kwaye lisayinwe ngumntu ngamnye. Igama leqela kwileta yesibonelelo ayisosiqinisekiso esinqamlezileyo.
• Ukukwazi nokuvuma. Ilungu ngalinye kufuneka libonakalise ukuba liyayiqonda into yokuba linetyala lesixa esipheleleyo, hayi isabelo salo. Iingxabano phantse zisoloko zixhomekeka ekubeni oku kuchaziwe na.
• Inkqubo ecacileyo yokusilela. Imithetho ebhaliweyo yokuba kwenzeka ntoni xa ilungu lisilela: ixesha lobabalo, ukugqunywa liqela, ukusetyenziswa ugcino-mali lweqela, ukuphathwa kwesohlwayo, kunye nexesha apho umbolekisi athatha amanyathelo ngokuchasene namalungu ngokwawo.
• Ugcino-mali lweqela okanye ingxowa-mali yesiqinisekiso. Ibhalansi yokonga enyanzelekileyo okanye ingxowa-mali yesiqinisekiso semali egcinelwe iqela inika isikhuselo sokuqala selahleko kwaye kulula kakhulu ukuyisebenzisa kunokufuna abantu ngabanye.
• Ukwabela ngokuchanekileyo. Iirekhodi zombolekisi kufuneka zilandele zombini ibhalansi yelungu ngalinye kunye nokuvezeka kwalo okunokwenzeka kwitotali yeqela. Ingxelo ebonisa enye kuphela kwezi izichaza kakubi umngcipheko.
• Imida yokuvezeka. Apho amalungu eqinisekisana kwiimali-mboleko ezininzi, ukuvezeka okunokwenzeka okuqokeleleneyo kwilungu ngalinye kufuneka kubekelwe umda kwaye kubekwe esweni.
• Ukuphathwa komgangatho wepotfoliyo. Ukuba iqela lihlelwa njengelinenetyala xa ilungu elinye lisemva kwiintlawulo sisigqibo somgaqo-nkqubo esineziphumo ezithe ngqo kuhlelo lwamatyala angahlawulwanga ngokobudala nokubekelwa bucala kwemali, kwaye kufuneka kuchazwe kunokuba kushiywe kutolikwa.
• Imigangatho yonyanzeliso. Ngenxa yokuba uxinzelelo lokuqokelela lusetyenziswa ngokwentlalo, ababolekisi abasebenzisa uxanduva oluhlanganyelweyo banembopheleleko eyongezelelekileyo yokuchaza indlela eyamkelekileyo nokuyibeka esweni.