Imali-mboleko yezolimo

Imali-mboleko yezolimo yityala elinikezelwayo ukuze kuxhaswe umsebenzi wokulima — imveliso yezityalo, imfuyo, izixhobo, umhlaba, ukugcinwa okanye ukulungiswa — lize lihlawulwe ngengeniso eveliswa nguloo msebenzi. Ikwabizwa ngokuba lityala lasefama, i-agri-finance okanye ityala lezolimo.

Into eyahlula kushishino oluqhelekileyo lokubolekisa ayililo candelo kodwa yindlela yokuhamba kwemali. Umlimi uchitha kakhulu ngexesha lokutyala aze angafumani nto de kube kuvunwa. Zonke izigqibo zoyilo kwinkalo yokubolekisa kwezolimo zilandela oko kungafani.

Kutheni imali-mboleko yezolimo iyahlukile

Ingeniso ifika ngesixa esinye, hayi njengomjelo. Umlimi wombona unesiganeko esinye okanye ezibini zengeniso ngonyaka. Ishedyuli yentlawulo yenyanga ebekwe phezu kwaloo patheni ivelisa amatyala angekahlawulwa kwiinyanga apho kungekho ngeniso, nokuba ifama inengeniso engakanani.

Umngcipheko uhamba kunye. Imbalela ayichaphazeli umboleki omnye. Ichaphazela wonke umboleki kwisithili ngaxeshanye, kunye nabaqinisekisi babo, amalungu eqela labo kunye nabarhwebi abathenga kubo. Ukwahlukahluka kwendawo encinane yejografi kuyinkohliso ubukhulu becala, yiyo loo nto iipotfoliyo zezolimo zinokuthi zisuke kwimeko entle ziye kwimeko enzima ngexesha elinye lonyaka.

Izivuno aziqinisekanga nokuba ulawulo lulungile. Imvula, izinambuzane, izifo kunye nomgangatho wegalelo zonke zingaphandle kolawulo lomboleki. Ukukwazi ukuhlawula kukusasazeka okunokwenzeka, hayi inani eliqinisekileyo.

Amaxabiso ayatshintsha emva kwesigqibo sokubolekisa. Ixabiso lasefama ngexesha lokuvuna linokwahluka kakhulu kwixabiso ebelithathwe ngqa xa kukhutshwa imali, kwaye lihlala lihla xa wonke umntu evuna ngaxeshanye.

Imijikelo yebhayoloji imisela ishedyuli. Isityalo somthi asinakuvelisa isivuno iminyaka eliqela. Imfuyo yokuzalanisa ivelisa imbuyekezo ngeshedyuli yebhayoloji emiselweyo, kwaye akukho sixa semali yokusebenza esinokuyikhawulezisa.

Isibambiso sinqabile kwaye kunzima ukusifumana. Umhlaba uhlala uphantsi kobunini besintu okanye obungenamaxwebhu obungenakubekwa njengesibambiso. Izinto zefama ezinokushenxiswa zisasazekile, kunzima ukuzixabisa kwaye kunzima ngakumbi ukuzibuyisa.

Ababolekayo basasazeke ngokwejografi. Ukuqaliswa kwemali-mboleko, ukubeka esweni nokuqokelela konke kubiza ngaphezulu ngeyunithi ebolekiweyo kunokubolekisa ezidolophini, nto leyo enyusa izinga elifunekayo ukuze kugubungelwe iindleko.

Iindidi zemali-mboleko yezolimo

Imali-mboleko yamagalelo exesha lonyaka. Imali yexesha elifutshane egubungela imbewu, isichumisi, amachiza ezolimo, abasebenzi nokulungiswa komhlaba ngexesha elinye lonyaka. Ikhutshwa phambi kokutyala, ihlawulwa emva kokuvuna. Yeyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo, kwaye idla ngokuba yeyona mali incinci.

Imali-mboleko yexesha elimiselweyo yezixhobo. Inkxaso-mali yexesha eliphakathi yokuthenga iitrektara, iinkqubo zokunkcenkceshela, amakhuba, izixhobo zokusenga okanye oomatshini bokulungisa, ehlawulwa kwiisizini ezininzi kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo ikhuselwe yi-asethi ngokwayo.

Imali-mboleko yokufumana umhlaba okanye yophuhliso lwawo. Inkxaso-mali yexesha elide yokuthenga umhlaba okanye yophuculo olusisigxina olunjengamaqula, ukubiyela, ukwakhiwa kweetrasi okanye ukutyalwa kwezityalo ezingapheliyo. Ifuna ubunini obukhuselekileyo nobudluliselwayo ukuze ikwazi ukubolekwa ngomlinganiselo omkhulu.

Imali-mboleko yemfuyo. Inkxaso-mali yokuthenga imfuyo yokuzala, izilwanyana ezityetyiswayo, amaqela eenkukhu okanye imihlambi yobisi. Ixesha lokuhlawula lilandela umjikelo webhayoloji — iiveki kwiinkukhu zenyama, iminyaka kwiinkomo zokuzala.

Inkxaso-mali yeresithi yovimba. Imali-mboleko ekhuselwe ziimpahla ezigcinwe kwindlu yokugcina eqinisekisiweyo, irisithi isebenza njengesibambiso. Ivumela umfama ukuba aphephe ukuthengisa ngexesha lamaxabiso aphantsi emva kokuvuna kwaye ahlawule xa amaxabiso ebuyela phezulu.

Inkxaso-mali yekhonkco lexabiso okanye yokulima ngesivumelwano. Imali-mboleko enikezelwa ngenxa yesivumelwano sokuthenga nomthengi-mveliso — umlungisi, umthumeli-mpahla kumazwe angaphandle okanye umqokeleli — odla ngokukhupha imali-mboleko kwintlawulo yemveliso ehanjisiweyo. Ubudlelwane nomthengi-mveliso buyithatha indawo yazo zombini isibambiso kunye neziseko zokuqokelela.

Inkxaso-mali yokusebenza yokulungisa iimveliso zezolimo kunye nokurhweba. Inkxaso-mali yabagayi, abaqokeleli, abathengisi bezinto zokulima kunye nabarhwebi abasebenza emva kwefama, enomjikelo wemali omfutshane noqhelekileyo ngakumbi kunokubolekwa kwemveliso.

Inkxaso-mali yongxamiseko okanye yohlengahlengiso. Imali-mboleko enikezelwa emva komothuko ukuze umfama akwazi ukutyala isizini elandelayo kunokuba ayeke ukulima ngokupheleleyo. Kunzima ngokwezorhwebo, kwaye idla ngokuxhomekeka kwiinkqubo zokuqinisekisa okanye kwinkxaso-mali eneemfuno ezithotyiweyo.

Ukuyila indlela yokuhlawula

Kulapho ukubolekisa kwezolimo kudla ngokuphazama khona, nalapho kulula khona ukuba kwenziwe ngendlela eyiyo.

Intlawulo epheleleyo ngexesha lokuvuna. Inqununu nenzala zihlawulwa ngesavenge esinye emva kokuba isivuno sithengisiwe. Kulula kwaye kuhambelana nokuhamba kwemali, kodwa kubeka wonke umngcipheko wokuhlawula kumhla omnye.

Ixesha lokuphumla kwintlawulo yenqununu. Inzala iyahlawulwa okanye iyongezwa ngexesha lokukhula, intlawulo yenqununu iqala kuphela xa ingeniso ifikile.

Ukhutsho lwemali ngezigaba. Iimali zikhutshwa ngokwekhalenda yemveliso yokwenyani — ukulungisa umhlaba, ukutyala, ukufaka isichumiso, abasebenzi bokuvuna — endaweni yokukhutshwa njengesixa esinye ekuqaleni. Kunciphisa ukuphambukiswa kwemali kusetyenziso olungelulo ezolimo kwaye kunciphisa indleko yenzala kumboleki.

Izavenge ezingaqhelekanga ezihambelana nengeniso. Iintlawulo ezinkulu kwiinyanga ezilandela ukuvuna okanye ukuthengiswa kobisi, iintlawulo ezincinane okanye ezingekhoyo kwiinyanga zokunqongophala. Ifuna ulawulo olungaphezulu, kwaye ichanekile ngakumbi ngokubonakalayo ngaphezu kweshedyuli ethe tyaba.

Ukukhutshwa kwempahla endaweni yemali. Izinto zokufama ezibonelelwa ngokuthe ngqo ngumthengisi wezolimo endaweni yokuba kukhutshwe imali. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba imali-mboleko ithenga le nto ebekucetywe ukuba iyithenge, nangona oku kunciphisa ukuguquguquka komboleki.

Ukutsalwa kwemali emthonjeni. Umthengi wemveliso utsala imali-mboleko kwiintlawulo zemveliso phambi kokuba umlimi azifumane. Eyona ndlela yokuqokelela esebenza kakhulu ekhoyo kwiimali-mboleko zezolimo, kwaye sisizathu sokuba inkxaso-mali yekhonkco lexabiso isebenze ngcono kunemboleko yokuvelisa engadityaniswanga nekhonkco lexabiso.

Umgaqo jikelele: iishedyuli zokubuyisela imali-mboleko kufuneka zakhiwe ngokwekhalenda yeshishini yokungena nokuphuma kwemali, hayi ukunyanzelwa kuzo. Inani leemali ezisileyo eliveliswa sishedyuli engalihoyi ixesha lonyaka lilinganisa ishedyuli, hayi umboleki.

Ukuvavanya umboleki wezolimo.

Esona sixhobo siphambili luhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali lweshishini — uqikelelo lomsebenzi othile wesityalo okanye wemfuyo oxhaswa ngemali:

• Umhlaba olinywayo okanye ubungakanani bomhlambi, okuqinisekisiweyo endaweni yokuba kuxelwe nje.
• Isivuno esilindelekileyo ngeyunithi, kuthelekiswa nemilinganiselo yesithili endaweni yowona nyaka mhle womlimi.
• Iindleko zamagalelo ngamaxabiso angoku, kuquka nomsebenzi.
• Ixabiso elilindelekileyo lefama, lithotywa ukusuka kweliphezulu kwaye livavanywa kwinqanaba eliphantsi.
• Umda wenzuzo nentsalela ekhoyo yokuhlawula emva kokusetyenziswa kwemali yekhaya.
• Ixesha lendleko nganye nayo yonke imali engenayo kulo lonke ixesha lonyaka.

Izinto ezongezelelweyo:

• Amava okulima ngesi sityalo okanye ngesi silwanyana, axela isivuno ngokuthembekileyo ngakumbi kunamava aqhelekileyo.
• Ukuxhomekeka kunkcenkceshelo okanye kwimvula. Ifama enkcenkceshelwayo ineprofayili yomngcipheko eyahluke ngokupheleleyo kunaleyo ixhomekeke emvuleni, kwaye akufunekanga ibekwe ixabiso elifanayo.
• Ukwahlukahluka kwizityalo, imfuyo kwaye ingeniso evela ngaphandle kwefama, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ikhaya likwazi ukusinda kwishishini elinye elithe latshona.
• Ufikelelo kwimarike — ukuba ngaba ukhona na umthengi, kumgama ongakanani, kwaye phantsi kwayiphi imiqathango.
• Isivumelwano nomthengi wesivuno, apho sikhoyo, kunye nokufaneleka kwezezimali komthengi wesivuno ngokwakhe.
• Ukusetyenziswa kwekhaya kutsalwa kumvuzo wefama, kuba ekulimeni kwabalimi abancinci ezi zinto zimbini ziyimbiza enye.
• Izibophelelo ezikhoyo, kubandakanya netyala lezinto zokulima elivela kubathengisi, elingafane lixelwe kuyo nayiphi na iofisi.

Isibambiso nokhuseleko

Umhlaba sisisibambiso esicacileyo kwaye ngokufuthi asifumaneki. Apho ubunini bungokwesiko, bungoboluntu okanye bungenamaxwebhu, ngokuqhelekileyo abunako ukunikelwa njengesibambiso okanye ukuthengiswa. Apho itayitile ikhoyo, umhlaba wezolimo nangona kunjalo unokucotha kwaye kunokuba nzima kwezopolitiko ukuwunyanzelisa.

Ii-asethi ezishukumayo — iitrektara, iimpompo, izixhobo zokulungisa — zinokubhaliswa kwirejistri yesibambiso esishukumayo apho ulawulo lommandla lusebenzisa enye, kwaye zibhalwe kwirejistri yesibambiso yombolekisi ngokwakhe ngeenombolo zothotho kunye neenjini.

Imfuyo ingasebenza njengesibambiso kodwa iyashukuma, kunzima ukuyichonga ngaphandle kokumakishwa, kwaye isengozini yothuko lwesifo esifanayo olubangela ukusilela ukuhlawula.

Iirisithi zokugcina impahla zezinye zezixhobo ezisebenzisekayo ezikhoyo, kuba imveliso igcinwa ngumntu wesithathu phantsi kwenkqubo eqinisekisiweyo kwaye inokuthengiswa ngaphandle kokusukelana nomboleki.

Izityalo ezingekavunwa zinokwenziwa isibambiso kwezinye iindawo zolawulo, nangona ukuphumeza isibambiso sesityalo kufuna ukuba isityalo siphile de kufike ixesha lokuvuna, okuyiyona ngozi kanye ekuthethwa ngayo.

Iziqinisekiso zeqela kunye noxanduva oluhlanganyelweyo zithatha indawo yokunyanzeliswa kwezentlalo endaweni yokhuseleko lwe-asethi. Zisebenza kakuhle xa kukho ukusilela komntu ngamnye kwaye zisebenza kakubi xa kukho izothuso ezihlanganyelweyo, kuba xa iimvula zisilela, lonke iqela lisilela kunye.

Ulawulo lomngcipheko wezolimo

• I-inshorensi yesalathisi semozulu, ehlawulayo ngokwesalathisi esilinganisiweyo semvula okanye sohlaza endaweni yelahleko ehlolwayo, nto leyo ethintela iindleko zokuqinisekisa ibango lomntu ngamnye.
• I-inshorensi yezityalo nemfuyo, ngamanye amaxesha idityaniswa nemboleko njengomqathango wokukhutshwa kwemali.
• Izivumelwano nabathengi besivuno, ezitshixa ixabiso nomthengi phambi kokutyala.
• Ukwahlukahlukana ngokwejografi kwiindawo zemvula ezahlukeneyo, ekuphela kwendlela yokwahlukahlukana ejongana ngokunentsingiselo nomngcipheko ohambelanayo.
• Imida yepotfoliyo ngokwesityalo, isithili kunye nexesha lonyaka.
• Izikimu zeziqinisekiso, apho urhulumente okanye iziko lophuhliso lithatha inxenye yelahleko kwiimali-mboleko zezolimo ezifanelekileyo.
• Ukukhutshwa kwemali ngezigaba kunye nokunikezelwa kwempahla, nto leyo enciphisa ukuphambukiswa kwemali.
• Umgaqo-nkqubo wokwakha ngokutsha omiselwe kwangaphambili, ukuze isizini embi ijongwe ngempendulo ecwangcisiweyo kunokuba ijongwe ngempendulo engacwangciswanga.

Umongo womgaqo-nkqubo

Ulimo lutsala ungenelelo lomgaqo-nkqubo ngaphezu kwalo naliphi na elinye icandelo lokubolekisa. Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo kwiimarike zibandakanya iithagethi okanye izabelo ezibekwe yibhanki enguvimba zokubolekisa kwezolimo, iingxowa-mali zokuqinisekisa amatyala ngokuyinxenye, inkxaso-mali yenzala, iinkqubo zenkxaso-mali yezinto zokufama ezitshintsha isiseko seendleko zomboleki phakathi kwesizini, amathuba okuphinda kuxhaswe ngezimali kubabolekisi abasebenzela eli candelo, kunye nokuxolelwa kwamatyala ngamaxesha athile emva kwezothuso ezinzima.

Eyokugqibela kwezi zinto inobungozi obufanele ukukhankanywa. Iinkqubo zokuxolelwa kwamatyala ziyabunciphisa ubunzima bokwenene kwaye ngaxeshanye zifundisa ababoleki ukuba ukuhlawula emva kwesizini embi kungaba yinto yokuzikhethela. Ababolekisi abasebenza kwiimarike apho ukuxolelwa kwenzeke khona kufuneka balindele ukuba ifuthe lako kwindlela yokuhlawula liya kuqhubeka iminyaka.

Iindlela eziqhelekileyo zokusilela

• Iintlawulo zenyanga kwingeniso yesizini. Kuvelisa amatyala ashiyekileyo angachazi nto ngefama.
• Uqikelelo lwesivuno olusuka kwiminyaka emihle. Ukuthatha umndilili kuwo wonke umjikelo oquka iintsilelo kusisiseko sodwa esinokuthetheleleka.
• Amaxabiso aphezulu acingelwa ukuba akhona ngexesha lokuvuna. Amaxabiso ayawa xa unikezelo lufika.
• Ukusetyenziswa kwasekhaya kungahoywa. Inzuzo epheleleyo yefama ayifumaneki ukuhlawula ityala ngokupheleleyo.
• Ukukhutshwa kwemali emva kwexesha. Imali yegalelo ekhutshwa emva kokuba ixesha lokutyalwa lidlulile ikubi ngaphezu kokungabikho kwemali, kuba umboleki uthwala ityala ngaphandle kwesivuno.
• Ityala lomthengisi wegalelo elingabhaqwanga.. Isibophelelo esihambelanayo esingarekhodwa yibhuyero kwaye esidla ngokuhlawulwa kuqala.
• Ipotfoliyo igxile kwindawo enye yemvula nakwisityalo esinye. Iphumelela kumboleki ngomboleki, isilela yonke ngaxeshanye.
• Ukubolekisa ngamaqela okuthenjelwe kuwo kumngcipheko ohambelanayo. Uxanduva oludibeneyo alunako ukufunxa umothuko obetha ilungu ngalinye ngaxeshanye.